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SBI3U > Animal Structures > Flashcards

Animal Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main types of Nutrients and what do they do?

A

Carbohydrates- basically short term energy storage

Fats - Long term energy storage

Proteins - 20 types of amino acid monomers

Vitamins and Minerals - both need to be eaten

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2
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Fructose and glucose, bonded through an oxygen

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3
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

glucose and glucose, bonded by oxygen

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4
Q

What lactose made of?

A

glucose and galactose

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5
Q

What’s the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats?

A

Unsaturated fats have double bonds (poly vs. mono) and are liquid at SATP

Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at SATP

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6
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Long strains of amino acids, which are made of central carbon, lone hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group and a side chain.

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7
Q

What’s the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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8
Q

What are the stages of processing food?

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Elimination

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9
Q

What is the general processes of digestion?

A

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

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10
Q

What enzymes help break down carbohydrates?

A

Salivary amylase from the salivary glands and pancreatic amylase from the pancreas turn carbs into disaccharides.

Then the small intestine releases maltase (glucose+glucose), sucrase (glucose+fructose), lactase (glucose+galactose)

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11
Q

What enzymes help break down lipids?

A

Lipases from the pancreas turn lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Bile from the liver also helps but doesn’t really digest food.

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12
Q

What enzymes help break down proteins?

A

Pepsinogen from the stomach turns protein into small polypeptide chains and then trypsinogen from the pancreas turns dipeptides into amino acids

While peptidase turns remaining polypeptides into amino acids in the small intestine.

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13
Q

What helps kill the bacteria we eat?

A

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is released from the gastric glands, which is then neutralized by bicarbonate released by the duodenum.

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14
Q

What are the major parts of the large intestine?

A

appendix, caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

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15
Q

What are the major parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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16
Q

What is the rough inner lining of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

17
Q

Where are your three salivary glands?

A

parotid gland (at the back), submaxillary gland (the one at the base), and sublingual gland (under your tongue)

18
Q

What are the components of breathing?

A

Ventilation, external respiration (alveoli and blood), internal respiration (blood and cells), cellular respiration

19
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

A

defend against infections, produce sounds, regulat pH

20
Q

What’s the general process of respiration?

A

Nasal/Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi/Bronchioles, Alveoli

21
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Located in the pharynx, it covers your trachea so things don’t go down the wrong hole

22
Q

What do cilia do?

A

line the inner lungs and trachea to catch small particles

23
Q

What is diffusion gradient?

A

When something goes from high concentration to low concentration to equalize both concentrations. This happens during gas exchange in alveoli and ventilation

24
Q

What do external/internal intercostal muscles do?

A

external intercostal muscles - expand and contract lungs

internal intercostal muscles - relax and depress lungs

25
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

transport substances, protect the body, control body temperature

26
Q

What is the difference between arteries, capillaries and veins?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, capillaries carry blood to and from the body and veins carry blood to the heart

27
Q

What’s the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation pumps blood to and from the lungs and the heart

Systemic circulation pumps blood to and from the body and heart

28
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

composed of the right and left coronary artery to supply the heart with its own blood supply

29
Q

What is the general process of the circulatory system?

A

Aorta, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Gas exchange, Venules, Veins, Superior/inferior vena cava

30
Q

What nodes control heartbeat?

A

The sinoatrial node sets the basic heartbeat

Atrioventricular Node delays impulse so the heart can finish a contraction

Bundle of His spreads the impulse to cause ventricular contractions

31
Q

What are systole and diastole?

A

Systole is contractions, diastole are relaxations

SBI3U (3 decks)

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