animal science final Flashcards
in what year was the electric candle invented?
1909
In what year was the Newcastle disease breakout in LA?
1971
Which state has the most poultry ?
Iowa
Which country is number one for its poultry numbers?
US
Class for avian?
Aves
Egg breeds?
Leghorn, Ancona, Minorca
How many eggs are classified for a ‘good laying hen’ ?
20 dozen in 1st year
meat breeds
Orpington, Cornish, Australorp
Dual Purpose Breeds
New Hampshire, Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red
Bantams
1/4 or less the size of large fowl, seabrights and silkies
Leghorns
-noisy, like to move around and forage, capable of flight and often roost in trees
-240-250 eggs/year
-most numerous breed in US/most common
Araucana
-blue, greenish eggs
-rumpless
-no tail
Ameracauna
-related to araucana (difference is they have a tail)
-muffs and beards
Plymouth Rocks
-most popular bird until WWII
-good general farm chicken
-hardy (can survive low and high temps), docile, good mothers
-meat and egg
-brown egg
Rhode Island Reds
-Originated in Rhode Island
-best egg layers of dual purpose breeds
-brown eggs
New Hampshire
-competitive and aggressive
-plump carcass - used as either broiler or roaster
Cornish
-developed as ultimate meat bird
-wide compact bodies -> poor fertility
-wide muscular breast
-short legs
Ross
-industry standard for broiler growth rate, feed conversion
Capon
castrated male under 8 months
Stag
male chicken under 10 months
Chicken Vital Signs
-body temp 104 - 109 F
-300 beats/minute at rest
Calcium
-eggshells made of calcium carbonate
-oyster shells
minimum living requirements:
-good drainage (hill)
-heated or insulated in cold weather (prevents combs and wattles from freezing)
-screened opennings (ventilation)
-electricity (layers require 14 hours of light)
design requirements:
-open shed (free-range birds)
-semi-closed (more protection)
-enclosed houses (light, temperature, and ventilation)
Proposition 2
-Required eggs in California to come from chickens that have enough room to fully extend their limbs and turn around freely
Avian Influenza
-coughing, sneezing, diarrhea, 90% mortality
-wild waterfowl
Coccidiosis
-protozoa
-bloody diarrhea
Infectious Coryza
-common cold
Curled-toe paralysis
-B2 riboflavin
-improper incubation temperatures
Marek’s Disease
-virus
-skin form (white bumps crusty brown scabs), nerve form (paralysis), eye form (blindness), internal organ form (tumors, enlarged abdomen)
Mites
-red and northern fowl
Newcastle disease
-affect entire flock in 2 days
-coughing, sneezing, greenish diarrhea, paralysis, twisted neck
Perosis (slipped tendon)
-Mn, choline, biotin, B3, folic acid
Poult enteritis mortality syndrome
-diarrhea in turkeys 7-28 days old
Roundworms
-intestinal parasite
Cannibalism
-beat trimming
Grades AA (higher consumer grade)
-whites are thick and firm, yolks are high round and almost free from defects, clean and unbroken shells
Grade A
-same as Grade AA except whites are “reasonable firm”
Grade B
-used for liquid, frozen, or dried egg products
Candling
-examines intact egg for soundness, interior quality, stage of embryonic development
Turkeys
-7.2 billion lbs. meat
-Native to US
Broadbreasted White
-14 - 22 lbs females
Broadbreasted Bronze
- calmer and easier to handle
White Beltsville
-advantage over broad breasted turkeys: able to breed naturally
Ducks
-meats and eggs
-weed eaters
Leading Duck State?
Indiana
Khaki Campbell
-best for egg production
-eat large quantities of snails, slugs, algae, insects, mosquitos from ponds
Duck Breeds
-most breeds originate from wild mallard
-exception = muscovy (S. America)
Pekin
-most desirable table duck in the US
-up to 11lbs
Indian Runner
-move faster and prefer to run than waddle
American Buff
-Dual purpose
-240 eggs/year
Welsh Harlequin
-Lacks a strong sense of self preservation -> vulnerable to predators
Muscovy
-developed in Brazil
-caruncles above the eyes and around the beak
-quackless
-claws
-mules
Gesse
-oldest domestic animals
-Gift to bride and groom to symbolize faithfulness and loyalty
-Geese are monogamous and mate for life
-1st Thanksgiving Dinner
-Roughage burner
Toulouse
-Largest most popular in US
-will have its body practically dragging on the ground
Emden
-Fast growth, large size
Blue eyes, tall and erect stance -> air of intelligence
-Can be sexed when younger because males are lighter in color
What is Foie Grass?
force feeding
Signs of aggression
-Beeline, neck, stretched, head down, hissing sounds
prevention of aggression
-greeting, clap, stomp feet, wave arms, extend arms with a pointed finger
feed for mallard drive and geese
mallard derived: mainly vegetable, some animal matter
geese: vegetarian
bonding muscovy
indiscriminate, mules
Top three states of ostriches (in order)
Texas, CA, and KS
Can ostriches fly? Why or why not?
No they can’t they have no keel
Largest bird in the world
Ostrich
Only bird with 2 toes, sharp nails
Ostrich
Reproduction of hens
If allowed to keep eggs the hen will stop producing at 12-24 eggs
How much does a live 250 lb ostrich for slaughter cost?
400 - 500 dollars
What are ostrich feathers used for?
-feather dusters
-shoes
-clothes
-plumed head pieces
-computer dusters
how many chicken eggs equals 1 ostrich egg?
1 ostrich egg = 24 chicken eggs
Father of the American pork industry
Hernando de Soto
What year did Cortez introduce hogs to New Mexico ?
1600
long solid wall built on northern edge to control roaming herds of pigs
now known as Wall Street
Where did pigs 1st commercially slaughtered take place?
Cincinnati
Wild hogs of Europe
Sus scrofa
Wild Hog of India
Sus vittatus
Top pig population state in the US
Iowa
Top Pork Producing Country
China
Types of swine
learn type hog, lean-meat type hog, pets, research
American Landrace
-very long side (extra vertebrae) making them known for bacon
Duroc Jersey
-excellent rate of gain and feed efficiency
-2nd in numbers
Hampshire
-one of the oldest original early American pig breeds
-white belt around the shoulders and front legs, black color
-long carcass that is high in muscle
Poland China
Heavy Ham
Tamworth
-One of the oldest pig breeds
-excellent mothers
-very prepotent (great hereditary transmitting ability)
Vietnamese Potbellied
- Fifth most important of pig breeds
Yorkshire
-mother breed
-large litters and good mothering ability
-most populous breed in US
Judging requirements:
-back fat 1.5 inches or less on animal
-probes on live animal or carcass
what are the 3 methods of selection for breeding?
-pedigree, showing, individual merit
showing record:
winners recognized as superior breeders
Tandem selection
1 trail at time until maximum progress is achieved
Selection index
all important traits combined into one score
carcass grading
hams, loins, picnics Boston butts - four main lean cuts
litter size of swine
10+ farrowed
8+ weaned
low percentage of backfat
max is 1%
at what weight were weaned pigs sold at?
they were sold at 45 lbs
Management of newborn
-clip tips of needle teeth(so they don’t bite each other)
-ear notch
-fe-dextran injections 2-3 days
Dystocia (difficult birth)
-pig snare (like a catch pole to pull out baby)
-antibiotics
segregated early weaning
-weaned 10 - 17 days
-group stays together
swine age at puberty & gestation period:
- 4-7 months age at puberty
- 114 days gestation period
sperm rich fraction
-opaque and milky and contains highest concentration of spermatozoa
heat detection
- stands for mount
- backpressure
-vulva: swollen discharge
1st limiting nutrient
Lysine
what causes parakeratosis?
deficiency of Zn
Deficiency of Cu and Fe
Anemia
symptoms of atrophic rhinitis (Bordatella bronchiseptica)
-epiphora, sneezing, epistaxis
Swine fever (cholera)
high morbidity
high mortality
Erysipelas (diamond shaped skin lesions, purplish ears)
-zoonotic
-fecal-oral
-pain in feet and joints, sloughing of skin
Foot and mouth disease
-vesicles on tongue and mouth
-vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Greasy Pig Syndrome (exudative epidermitis)
-staphylococcus hyicus
-Stratum granulosum+excess secretion of glands
Trichinosis
-no symptoms in pigs
-raw pork
-vomiting, diarrhea, swelling, CNS, death in humans
UK Farm Animal Welfare Council’s five freedoms
-Freedom from hunger and thirst
-Freedom from discomfort
-Freedom from pain, injury, and disease
-Freedom from fear and distress
-Freedom to display normal behavior
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) corona virus
- < 14 days
- vomiting and diarrhea
Leading Beef State
Texas
Hybrid vigor
-first generation cattle
-disease resistance, mothering ability, milk production
Top 5 cattle Production states
Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, California, Missouri
Angus
-most commonly registered breed in world
-polled (no horns)
-great mothering ability
-little calving difficulty
-marbling (a lot of fat in meat which means more juicy)
Brahman
-Bos indicus
-Horns that curve upward and tilted to the rear, dewlap, pendulous ears, hump, highly developed sweat glands that secrete an oily secretion w/ an odor that repels insects
-Survives insects, disease, and temperature extremes
-Can be very docile and like affection
Hereford
-2nd most popular breed
-squamous cell (can be cancerous due to UV rays)
Charolais
-French
-Came to US thru Mexico
-hardy and can raise heavy calves
Simmental
-Guatemala imported 1st Simmental into N. America
-Triple purpose breed (meat, milk, draft)
Texas Longhorn
-Columbus 1493
-10 million in cattle drives during mid-1800’s
-Hardy (very resistant to cold temperature and poor feed)
-Well adapted to U.S. (Used to occupy the Great Plains after destruction of bison after Civil War)
Beef Branding
-permanent ID
-Hot and dry ice with alcohol (LN2)
Dehorning
-Cornual nerve block
-Tube dehorner
-Barnes dehorner
Ways of castration and why its done:
-prevent aggressiveness
-chemical, burdizzo, elastrator, knife with emasculator
Camel Family
- One humped Dromedary (Arabian)
- Two humped Bactrian camel (Central Asia)
Life span of a llama
15 - 20 years
29 in capacity
Average gestation of llama
350 days
Do llamas have a heat cycle
No llamas do not have a heat cycle they are included ovulators (ovulation occurring 24 - 36 hours after bleeding)
What time of the year can llamas and alpacas breed?
- Llamas and alpacas can be bred at any time of the year
Birth and babies of llamas
- Most births occur during daylight hours, which is better for the cria and most certainly more convenient for the llama owners (7:00am – 3:00 pm)
- Twinning is a rare occurrence
Contemporary North American llamas are bred and raised for:
packing, wool production, cart pulling, animal facilitated therapy, companion animal
Alpacas are commonly used for
-fine fiber production, pets, light pack animals, THERAPY
Why do llamas spit?
- Llamas will spit at other llamas in order to establish the pecking order within the group, to ward off an unwanted suitor, or to say “Stop it!”
Llama nutrition
-omasum is absent
-llamas do have canine teeth
-graze on grasses and browse on leaves
-cria eats 10% of body weight/day
What does FPT stand for?
Failure of passive transfer
Failure of passive transfer
-First 24 hrs. of life
-IgG does not pass through placenta and newborn is without protection
Oleander:
-diarrhea, excess salivation, anorexia, bradycardia, arrhythmia
Bracken Fern
-emaciation, dyspnea, anemia, death in days to weeks
Male Berserk Syndrome
-do not cuddle male crias
-syndrome is permanent
-affected animals must be destroyed
Herd Health
-Clostridium perfringens, tetanus
-Equine Herpes virus 1 - if around horses
-If around cattle - BVD and IBR
wool
grease-free
Other parasites
-Lungworms
-Liver flukes
-Coccidiosis
