animal science exam 3 Flashcards
Producers Job?
Provide feed to meet needs
nutrients required to keep body in state of well being
body maintenance
roughly half of all feed is for…
maintenance requirements but this can depend on demand
Maintenance functions with a high priority for nutrients:
Body tissue repair, control of body temperature, energy to keep vital organs functioning, water balance maintenance
growth occurs when
protein synthesis is in excess of protein breakdown
majority of muscle is
Protein
if young animals experience a restriction in feed for a short time, they may experience?
Compensatory growth ( above average growth rate) once nutrition improves
Monogatrics need
protein and certain amino acids for growth
young animals need what for bone growth and salt?
adequate calcium and phosphorus
complete once market weight is achieved
Finishing
feed high energy rations during
Last phase of feeding program
milk production requires
Protein, minerals, vitamins and energy
lactating dairy cows reach peak lactation
46 - 65 days post calving
feed intake doesn’t catch up with rising energy requirements for
8 - 10 weeks
need nutrients for growth
boilers
need nutrients focused on eggs
layers
increase in body weight until mature size is reached
growth
coordination of all diverse process until maturity is reached
developments
3 phases of prenatal life
Sex cells, embryo, fetus
cells differentiate in specific types and eventually organs
Embryological development
growth, development and differentiation directed by
DNA from the nucleus
marked changes in shape and form
Fetal developments
oder of growth follows sequential process
CNS, Organs, bones/tendons, muscles, fat
increase in number of fibers
Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia examples
First 2/3 of prenatal period, muscle growth
increase in fiber size
hypertrophy
hypertrophy example
last 1/3 muscle growth
after birth, muscle growth is primarily due to
hypertrophy
no physiological connection to Mather, develops outside hens body
embryonic development
during develop,emt cells become grouped in appearance and function
tissues
primary typed of tissues
Muscle, nerves, connective and epithelial
group of tissues that perform specific functions
organs
groups of organs that work together for larger general functions
systems
skeletal system includes
bones joints, cartilage and teeth.
functions of skeletal system
protects vital organs, gives basic form and shape to body
function as levers, stores minerals and bone marrow is site of red blood cell formation
Bones
three types of muscle tissues
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
the largest component of “meat”
Skeletal
located in organs and vessels
smooth
in the heart
cardiac
role of muscle
to convert chemical energy to mechanical energy
based on the strength and speed of muscle contraction
power
based on muscle size
strength
length of time muscle can work without being fatigued
endurance
heart acts as a pump and other vessels make up the?
circulatory system
transport oxygenated blood away from the heart
Arteries
carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
veins
secretes from ductless glands hormones in the blood stream
endocrine glands
low proportion bone, high proportion muscle and optimal fat
superior carcass
production of milk by the mammary gland
lactation
lactation serves two functions
provides nutrients and source of passive immunity
mammary gland is an
exocrine gland
produces external secretion of milk thru a series of ducts
exocrine gland
secretory tissue of mammary
gland, millions of grape like structure
alveoli
milk travels thru ducts to
larger collecting area
gland cistern
During milking, milk is forced into
teat cistern and thru streak canal to outside
Hormones responsible for the START of lactation
growth hormone, adrenal corticoids, prolactin, become effective when parturition nears
the hormone that stimulates milk letdown
Oxytocin
measures how milk is
maintained over time
persistency
etermines potential for milk
production
inheritance
inflammation of udder
mastitis
large amount energy required for lactation
Nutrition
