Animal science certification Flashcards
Dorsal
refers to the back of the body (highest point of most four-legged animals)
Caudal
toward or near the tail of the body
Ventral
refers to the belly or underside of the body
Cranial
toward or near the head of the body
Proximal
refers to a structure nearest a point of reference (e.g., the knee is proximal to the ankle)
Distal
refers to the end farthest from a point of reference (e.g., the ankle is distal to the knee)
Epidermis
is the outer lay of cells which forms the skin
dermis
The part of the skin which houses hair follicles
nares
two external openings of the nose which lead to the nasal cavity
Integumentary
structure which covers and protects the body (i.e., skin structure, hair and nails)
Mammary papilla
openings which lead to the mammary glands (i.e., teat)
Vibrissae
long or stiff hairs on the face or nostrils of an animal (i.e., whiskers)
viruses
- cannot reproduce without a host
* can take over the functions of the host cell
bacteria
are single celled organism
multiply rapidly without a host
parasitess
can be external or internal
are living organisms
fungi
- live in air, soil, plants and water
* produce transmittable spores which can cause fungal diseases
protozoa
- single celled organism
* breath, move and reproduce similar to multi-cellular animals
Acidosis
symptoms and treatment/prevention
pH levels decrease very rapidly
SYMPTOMS
- Reduced feed intake.
- Lower feed efficiency.
- Weight loss or reduced gain.
- Low body condition score.
- Dehydration.
- Liver abscesses.
- Increased temperature.
- Grain in manure and diarrhea.
PREVENT
switch diet gradually
TREATMENT
neutralize the acid This is done with baking soda diluted with water
Blackleg
infectious bacterial disease. dead in 48 hours
PREVENTION
seven-way clostridial vaccination
TREATMENT
Burning the upper layer of soil to eradicate left-over spores is the best way to stop the spread of blackleg from diseased cattle.
SYMPTOMS
Lameness, depression, loss of appetite and a hot painful swelling on a limb which crackles when pressed may indicate blackleg. Later, the skin over the swelling will become cold, dry and leathery.
bloat
too gassy. cant fart or belch to relieve it.
TREATMENT
Passing a stomach tube is the best treatment for gassy bloat
SYMPTOMS
Passing a stomach tube is the best treatment for gassy bloat
PREVENTIONS
eat less leguemes. fill up on other stuff
coccidiosis
parasitic disease of the intestinal tract
SYMPTOMS
droopiness and listlessness, loss of appetite, loss of yellow color in shanks, pale combs and wattles, ruffled, unthrifty feathers, huddling or acting chilled, blood or mucus in the feces, diarrhea, dehydration, and even death.
PREVENTION
clean food area and water. enough space. medicated starter feed. amprolium (if you live in a wet area)
TREATMENT
Amprolium to water supply
colic
pony tummy hurts SYMPTOMS Restlessness and pawing at the ground. Sweating and increased breathing rate. Irritated kicking to the stomach. Stretching as if to urinate. Rolling or attempting to roll. Elevated pulse rate. TREATMENT no more grain or hay till its gone, switch to grass PREVENT Feed at least 2% of your horse's body weight in good quality fiber with at least 1% of it in the form of long-stemmed fiber check food for mold
Entertoxemia
overeating or pulpy kidney disease SYMPTOM Loss of appetite. Abdominal discomfort. Profuse and/or watery diarrhea that may be bloody. PREVENT vaccinate TREATMENT antibiotics antibloating medicine antacids Clostridium perfringens C & D antitoxin Vitamin B1
Haemonchus Contortus
“barber pole worm” parasite
SYMPTOM
failure to thrive and weight loss. As worm burdens increase, more severe signs, such as anemia, hypoproteinemia, submandibular edema (bottle jaw), weakness, and collapse, may develop.
PREVENTION
regular faecal worm egg counts. maintaining anthelmintic efficacy. vaccination
Johne’s disease
ontagious, chronic, and usually fatal infection that affects primarily the small intestine
SYMPTOMS
long-lasting diarrhea and weight loss despite good appetite.
TREATMENT
Reduce manure build-up of pens and pastures where late-gestation cattle are kept.
Keep the calving area clean at all times and maintain a low cow density in these areas.
As soon as bonding has occurred, move cow-calf pairs to a clean pasture.
PREVENT
Avoid manure contamination of feed by using feed bunks and not using the same equipment to handle feed and move manure. Avoid manure contamination of water sources were animals drink.
Mange
a skin disease of mammals caused by parasitic mites TREAT medication may be given orally or applied topically SYMPTOMS Sores. Scabs. Redness. Itching. Hair Loss. Alopecia. Skin rash. Scab formation in the affected area. PREVENT balanced diet, exercise and supplements
milk fever
calcium deficiency in female cows at the worst time
SYMPTOMS
appetite, excitability, nervousness, hypersensitivity, weakness, weight shifting, and shuffling of the hind feet.
PREVENTION
Have cows in the correct BCS at calving (3 to 3.25).
Reduce calcium intake before calving and avoid any added oral calcium. …
Avoid lush pasture for autumn calving cows as this grass is low in magnesium.
Feed a good quality dry cow mineral that is high in magnesium and has no added calcium or low added levels.
TREATMENT
injection of calcium borogluconate just before or just after calving.
Ostertagious
SYMPTOMS watery diarrhoea and is usually accompanied by reduced appetite and anorexia. Infected animals are characterised by dull, rough coats and hindquarters soiled with faeces as a result of the profuse diarrhoea
TREATMENT
Anthelmintic treatment is required along with supportive therapy such as electrolyte
Porcine Circovirus
a common virus of pigs PREVENT/TREAT antibiotics SYMPTOMS Growth retardation, wasting, and dyspnea are the clinical signs seen most frequently in outbreaks. Pallor, anemia, jaundice, diarrhea, and palpable inguinal lymphadenopathy also are seen in some affected pigs
Sore Mouth
orf virus SYMPTOMS sicles, pustules and thick scabs on the lips, nostrils, face, eyelids, teats, udders, feet and occasionally inside the mouth. PREVENTION vaccines wash hands TREATMENT topical ointment
White Muscle Disease
a disease caused by a deficiency of selenium and vitamin E in dietary intake.
SYMPTOMS
The subacute form causes weakness, fasciculations, cramping, and stiffness of muscles, which can lead to recumbency, as well as a stilted gait, dysphagia, ptyalism, and a weak suckle.
PREVENTION
supplements
TREATMENT
supplemental selenium and/or vitamin E.
gestation period cow mare sow ewe goat chicken
cow – 283 days mare – 336 days sow – 114 days ewe – 147 days goat – 150 days chicken – 22 days
colostrum
mother’s first milk
Is important for newborns to consume immediately after birth as it contains vitamins, minerals and antibodies needed to stay healthy
mothers will produce “regular” milk one to two days after giving birth
gelding
castrated male horse
wether
castrated male sheep or goat
barrow
castrated male swine
gilt
female pid not yet had piglets
pig
pig weighing less than 130 lbs m/f
hog
pig weighing more than 130 lbs. m/f
boar
uncastrated male swine
sow
female swine which has had a litter of piglets
farrowing
term used for parturition in swine; process of giving birth
lamb
sheep younger than one year. m/f
lambing
term used for parturition in sheep; process of giving birth
ram
uncastrated male sheep
ewe
female sheep
doe
female goat
buck
uncasterated male goat
kid
goat under one yrs old. m/f
yearling
goat between one and two years of age. m/f
colt
uncastrated male younger than four years of age
stallion
uncasterated male of at least four years of age
filly
female younger than four years of age
mare
female at least four years of age
foaling
term used for parturition in horses; process of giving birth
foal
up to one year m/f
calf
cattle under one year of age
bull
uncasterated male
steer
castrated male
heifer
not yet birthed female
cow
female who has birthed
calving
term used for parturition in cattle; process of giving birth
ruminant stomachs
Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum
Reticulum
ruminant digestive tracts
Rumen Omasum Abomasum Reticulum Cecum Large intestine Esophagus Rectum Small intestine
Monogastric
Is an animal with a simple stomach. horses/swine/poultry
Monogastric Digestive Tract
esophagus stomach small intestine cecum large intestine rectum
The gallbladder and the liver are organs which also aid in digestion. Secretion of bile from the liver into the small intestine aids in fat digestion.
