Animal Science 330 Final Exam Flashcards
An electrical current that gives us the ability to do “work”
Energy
If the energy is stopped (interrupt the flow of electrons), what will happen to the animal?
The animal will die within seconds
Where do we get energy?
Get energy from proteins, CHOs, and fats from foods
Proteins, CHOs, and fats from foods are all facilitators. They are oxidized and generate_______?
generate heat
The energy that is available to do work and generates heat is?
Net energy (heat increment)
Where does all energy come from?
Comes from the sun which releases photons (photons travel at the speed of light)
Plants can capture high energy electrons through a process called _________? Animals cannot go through this process.
Photosynthesis through chlorophyll
Plants take in water and what does the energy of the electron do with it?
Hydrolyzes the water molecule to release hydrogen and oxygen
Where do plants get the proper nutrients to make CHOs, fats, and proteins?
Take CO2 from the air and get nitrogen (from the air and soil) and water
How do animals get the energy from the sun?
They eat the plants and retain the high energy electrons from the sun
When the animal eats the plants, the hydrogen enters this chain.
Enters the electron transport chain ( is an electrical current, produces 3 ATPs for every NADH and 2 ATPS for every FADH. (This energy is used to do work) (** If this step is blocked the animal will die quickly)
An erg is the energy required to move 1 gram 1 centimeter in 1 second
Electrical current
Raising 1 gram of water, 1 degree centigrade
Calorie
Moving 1 kilogram 1 meter in 1 second
Joules (J)
1 calorie is how many joules?
4.184J
1 joule is how many calories?
.234 calories
What is the first Law of Thermodynamics?
Although energy can be changed from one form to another, it can neither be created or destroyed
What is the second Law of Thermodynamics?
In all reactions entropy (the degree of randomness) will increase until it reaches equilibrium
Enthalpy (heat of combustion) is the amount of energy present in CHO, protein, fat?
Gross energy (E)
CHO energy content?
4.1kcal/g
Fat energy content?
9.4kcal/g
Protein energy content?
5.65kcal/g
Why is gross energy not a good way to compare diets?
Because it does not tell exactly how much energy is digested
What is digestible energy (DE)?
DE= intake energy(IE)-fecal energy(FE) IE= G kcal/g x g/day=kcal/day)
What is metabolizable energy (ME)?
ME= IE-(FE+UE+GE) or ME=DE-(UE+GE)
Why do avian nutritionists use Metabolizable energy?
Because you cannot separate feces from urine in avians
What is metabolizable energy made up of?
Urine energy(UE), gill(ZE), and surface (SE)
What is the energy lost as methane?
Gaseous energy
The more _______, the more energy is lost in gaseous energy.
Acetate
The more _________, the more energy is saved in gaseous energy.
propionate
Net energy is also known as ________? Energy that ends up in a useful product.
Recovered Energy(RE)
What does recovered energy include?
Tissue (TE), Lactation (LE), Ovuum(egg)(OE), Conceptus(YE), wool, hair, and feathers (VE)
What is heat production?
HE= ME-RE
What does heat production include?
Basal metabolism(HeE), Voluntary activity(HjE), Product formation(HrE), Digestion and absorption (HdE), Thermal regulation(HcE), Heat of fermentation(HfE), Waste formation and excretion(HwE)
This is always measured in an animals thermal neutral zone and it is associated with heat production.
Basal metabolism
What is an animals thermal neutral zone?
Temperature at which an animal needs to do NO physical, chemical work in order to regulate its body temperature
Activity the animal normally does everyday. This is also associated with heat production.
Voluntary activity
Energy to synthesize a protein, fatty acid,and etc
Product formation
This is the largest source of energy loss in animals.
Fecal energy
What FE percentage do cattle and sheep get from roughage?
40-50%
What FE percentage do cattle and sheep get from concentrate?
20-30%
What is the FE percentage horses get from concentrate and roughage?
35-40%
What FE percentage does swine get from a well-balanced ration?
20%
What FE percentage do humans get?
about 10% (highest digestibility)
Increase in heat production after food consumption in an animal in its thermal neutral zone
Heat increment
Protein is about what percent efficient?
85%
What percent of net energy is for net energy of maintenance?
90%
What percentage of net energy maintenance is for NEr and can be used to make a combustible product (growth, lactation, pregnancy, conceptus, hair, wool, or feathers, eggs)?
10%
Because NEr is 5% or less of the energy intake most animals cannot do what at the same time?
Grow, be pregnant, and/or lactate at the same time
What are R selected animals?
Those selected for reproduction. They can divide their energy between growth, pregnancy, and lactation
What are K selected animals?
Can rarely maintain multiple functions (pregnancy and growth) simultaneously
Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts, they function in different ways, and they are required for growth, metabolism,and maintenance of health.
Vitamins
This vitamin is typically taken to prevent sickness, and a deficiency in this can cause Scurvy.
Vitamin C
A deficiency in this vitamin can cause Rickets.
Vitamin D
What are the four fat soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A,D,E,K
Meat is the best source for these vitamins and they can be stored by the body.
Fat soluble vitamins
What are the water soluble vitamins?
All are called B vitamins except for vitamin C
These are not stored in the body in large quantities, they rarely stay in the body for more than one day, and the best source is plants.
Water soluble vitamins
What are the various forms of vitamin A?
Retinoids, Carotenoids,
Where are retinoids found and how many types are there?
They are found in animal tissue and there are 3 types. (includes retinol)
How many types of carotenoids are there?
400
This form of vitamin A is found in plants, yellow orange color, only about 5-20% is absorbed, highest concentration is in the liver.
Carotenoids
This carotenoid cannot be utilized by carnivores, only has half of the activity that vitamin A has, and has to be digested in the intestine via beta-carotene dioxygenase in order to be active.
Beta-carotene
What are the functions of vitamins A?
Associated with all epithelium, Responsible for normal night vision by binding with retinol binding protein, required for normal epithelial activity, will prevent excessive ostoblastic activity, and acts as an antioxidant
What are two examples of normal epithelial activity?
Thickens epithelial lining (skin), and Xerophthalmia ( drying and irritation of the eyes. with increased xerophthalmia there is an increase in abortions, decrease in male fertility)
With a high vitamin A diet you must also increase what vitamin to counteract oxidation of itself?
Vitamin E
What are some symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity?
Occurs when you take in too much vitamin A in the diet, Causes patchy hair loss, and bones to weaken and get thinner
What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness, Xeropthalmia, abortions due to thickening of vaginal epithelium, reproductive failure in males, ataxia (unsteady gait), Excessive bone growth resulting in permanent blindness due to thickening and eventual closure of the optic foramen
This vitamin can be found in all plants (ergosterol) and in all animals (dehydrocholesterol), major source in the liver, kidney, and skin of animals.
Vitamin D
Ergocalciferol is Vitamin ___ in plants?
Vitamin D2
Cholecalciferol is Vitamin _____ in animals?
Vitamin D3
This transfiguration of vitamins is naturally occurring for most vitamins.
Cis
This transfiguration is naturally occurring for vitamin A.
Trans
How do you protect vitamin A from light (oxidation)?
Gelatin capsule, the longer it is exposed to light, the more vitamin a is lost
Name this Vitamin.
Alpha version is the most important, Is an isoprene similar to Vitamin A, No repeating double bonds, Activity cannot be destroyed or enhanced by sunlight, hydroxyl group on carbon 6 makes it a good antioxidant, is a fat soluble vitamin, decrease blood platelet aggregation, increases prostaglandins involved with reproduction, increases leucotrienes.
Vitamin E
What is vitamin E’s major function?
maintain cell membranes of all cells in the body and act as an antioxidant
Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
Loss of membrane integrity(increases permeability), muscle lesions, negative effects on reproduction (can cause an increase in embryonic death, atrophy of ovaries, atrophy of testicles)
What is encephalomalacia?
water pressure on the brain
What is exudative diathesis?
bluish-green spots on body
Why do you not want to take vitamin E while eating?
because only about 10-36% is absorbed
When is absorption of vitamin E high (36%)?
When medium chain saturated fatty acids are present
When is absorption of vitamin E low (10%)?
when polyunsaturated fatty acids are present
What are the two sources of vitamin K?
animal tissues and plants
What are the three different vitamins related to vitamin K?
Vitamin K1, vitamin K2, Synthetic vitamin K3
A vitamin K deficiency is very rare but what is the disease it can cause?
Hemophiliac
Where is the major source of water soluble vitamins?
plant material
This water soluble vitamin has a major source in green plant material (cereal grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes) , can be stored in muscle of swine.
Thiamine (B1)
What is the function of Thiamine (B1)?
Coenzyme in pyruvate dehydrogenase and important for TCA cycle productivity
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency?
Numbness in hands and feet, myocardial damage, and slower heart rate
What is the vitamin and number of niacin?
B3
What is the vitamin and number of riboflavin?
B2
What is the vitamin and number of pantothenic acid?
B5
What is the vitamin and number of pyridoxine?
B6
What are the symptoms of vitamins B2,3,5,6 (energy yielding vitamins) deficiency?
Lethargy, poor growth, and anorexia
What are the two groups of B vitamins?
Energy yielding vitamins, and Henatapoietic(involved in red blood cell maturation)
What are the 6 energy yielding B vitamins?
Thiamine (B1), Niacin (B3), Riboflavin (B2), Biotin, Pantothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6)
What are the four henatapoietic B vitamins?
Cyanocobalamin (B12), Folic acid, Pantothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6)
What are the symptoms of henatapoietic B vitamin deficiency?
anemia
The endosperm has carbohydrate and low quatlity _________-?
protein
Bran has many__________?
water soluble vitamins
The germ contains____________-, ________, and ____________?
contains high quality protein, high in fat content, has many fat soluble and water soluble vitamins
Name this vitamin.
Vitamin B2, Contains a six carbon carbohydrate in its structure (ribose), water soluble
Riboflavin
What is an isoalloxazine ring?
Everything to the right is water soluble and everything to the left is fat soluble
Name four sources of riboflavin?
green forages, in milk fat, eggs, organ meat
What is the function of riboflavin?
makes up two coenzymes (FAD (TCA cycle and beta oxidation) FMN (Electron transport chain))
What are the symptoms of riboflavin deficiency?
Poor growth, anorexia, lethargy, lesions around lips, itching and irritation in genital region, insomnia
What are the two sources of niacin (nicotinic acid)?
Brewers yeast and legumes (alfalfa, not in corn)
What can you synthesize niacin from?
Dietary AA: tryptophan
What is the function of niacin?
NAD, Involved in pathways that require NAD, and energy yielding vitamin
What are the symptoms of niacin deficiency?
Pellagra (rough skin), Can tell by looking at the tongue(turns a bright red color in most animals or turns black in dogs)
What is the function of Pantothenic acid?
Makes up coenzyme A, is involved in TCA cycle and beta-oxidation
What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency?
causes fatty liver, leg cramps, poor growth, anorexia, lethargy, lesions around lips, itching and irritation in genital region, and insomnia
What are the sources of pantothenic acid?
Alfalfa, brewers yeast, organ meat (kidney and heart), egg yolk, largest source is an animal source (royal jelly- bee spit fed to queen bees)
What are the sources of Biotin?
Mostly in plants (all legumes, brewers yeast, green vegetables, bran, egg yolk, egg white
Egg white contains avidin and what does it do to biotin?
irreversibly binds to biotin and inactivates it
How can herbivores make enough biotin?
through gut microbes
What is the function of biotin?
Fix CO2 by adding a COOH group, cofactor in lipid synthesis, acetyl CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, and other carboxylases
What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency?
scaly dermatitis alopecia (hair loss)
What is the function of pyridoxine?
cofactor in transaminases
What are the sources of vitamin B12?
only water soluble vitamin found in higher concentrations in meats than plants, not in plants at all , meats, all hindgut/foregut fermenters can synthesize it
Symptoms of pyridoxine deficiency.
low cobalt in the soil, cannot synthesize B12 when deficient in cobalt
Vitamin B12 can cause pernicious anemia. What symptoms does this have?
fewer red blood cell count, and RBCs are larger
