Animal Science Flashcards
Name important nutrients
Water, carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, minerals
Whats the most important nutrient?
Water
What is water necessary for?
Digestion, carrying nutrients/waste, thermoregulation, and joint lubrication
What do carbohydrates serve as?
An immediate, short-lived energy source.
Where do animals obtain carbohydrates from?
Plants
What are carbohydrates the primary energy source for?
Growth and production/performance
Classify carbohydrates in 3 ways
Simple sugars, starch, and fiber
List the chemical compositions of simple sugars
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
List the chemical compositions of starch
Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides
What pancreatic enzyme does starch need for digestion
Amylase
What bond links starches
Alpha-glyosidic
List the chemical compositions of fiber
Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides
What does fiber need for digestion? Its made from microbes (bacteria)
A microbial enzyme
What bonds link fiber
Beta-glycosidic
What does fiber digestion from microbes produce?
Volatile fatty acids
Purpose of Fats/Lipids?
Long lasting energy source, fatty acids, improves taste and palatability
What do fats provide?
Concentrated, long lasting sources of energy.
Types of fatty acids
Saturated and unsaturated
Whats the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated are straight, unsaturated are bent by the double bond
What is protein required for
Growth and repair
What is proteins relationship with amino acids
Provides amino acids and is composed of amino acids
What does protein do?
Protein helps break down food, communicate with other cells, and moves blood
Why do younger animals need more protein?
To grow more
What types of vitamins are there
Water soluble and fat soluble
Which vitamins are fat soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
What vitamins are water soluble
Vitamin C and B complex
What types of minerals are there
Macrominerals and microminerals
What are minerals required for?
Growth and metabolism
How much quantity are macro and micro minerals needed?
Macro is needed in large amounts, micro is needed in trace amounts
Definition of digestion
breakdown of larger food particles for absorption
Types of digestion:
Mechanical, chemical/enzymatic, and microbial
Monogastric definition
Digestion happens in stomach
Ruminant (foregut) definition
digestions happens before stomach
Post-gastric (hindgut) definition
digestion after stomach
Mechanical digestion definition
physical breakdown of food particles
Chemical digestion definition
involves chemicals or enzymes to breakdown food particles
Microbial digestion definition
Requires microbes to breakdown food particles
What does amylase break down
Starch
What does protease breakdown?
Protein
What does lipase breakdown?
lipids and fats
Examples of ruminants
cows, sheep, goats
4 chambers of ruminant stomach
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
How does mechanical digestion occur in the mouth?
Mastication/chewing
Rumen function
Microbial digestion and absorbing fatty acids
What is the texture of the rumen called and look like
Papillae, it feels fingers
Reticulum function
Microbial digestion and nutrient absorption
Texture of the reticulum
honeycomb structures
What occurs in the reticulum
Regurgitation
Omasum function
Water absorption
Omasum texture
Tissue folds called villi
Abomasum function
The true stomach and protein digestion
Abomasum texture
Glandular tissue folds
Post-gastric examples
Horses, zebras, donkeys
What is the difference between monogastric and post-gastric
The post-gastric large intestine is huge
How is a horse different from monogastric animals?
Proportionally smaller stomach, and no gallbladder
What happens in the small intestine of post-gastric stomachs?
Microbial digestion
How is the horses cecum different from most?
It is proportionally much larger
What is feedstuff
an ingredient in the total feed
What is feed
the final product being fed
What forms of feedstuff is there
Forages, concentrates, supplements
Describe forages
High in fiber, comes in dry or wet form
Describe concentrates
high in energy or protein, low in fiber
List the nutrients supplements are high in
Vitamins and minerals, protein, and energy
List the processed forms of concentrates
Whole, ground, roleed, crumbled, mash, pellets
What is a source of feedstuffs
Byproducts
What is the content of dry forages & roughages
high in crude fiber, low energy, low moisture content, varies in minerals, vitamins, and proteins
Examples of dry forages & roughages
grass hay, cottonseed hulls, cornstalks
Content of pasture & green forages
High crude fiber, low energy, high moisture content, Nutritive factors vary on pasture maintenance and health
Pasture and green forage examples
Pasture/meadowgrass, wheat, Bermuda grass
Silage definition
The preservation of green fodder in low oxygen conditions
Silage examples
Whole plants, corn, hay, grass
Silage content
High in moisture, half in energy and forage, added protein supplements
Energy feeds content
High energy, carbohydrates, low vitamins and minerals
Examples of energy feeds
Corn, wheat, barley, sorghum, oats
Energy gold standard definition
A concentrate of high energy ingredients
Energy gold standard variations
Whole, ground, steam flaked, cracked
Protein supplements content
> 20% protein
Examples of plant based protein supplements
Concentrate or byproduct forms of soybean meal, alfalfa
Examples of animal based protein supplements
Animal byproducts but no feeding of the same species
Vitamin & mineral supplements content
Different mixes that are species specific
