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Animal Science Review > Animal Science 101 - Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Animal Science 101 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

EXTERNAL ANATOMY

A

Structures found oustside the body with integral part or parts of the organ systems located internally.

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2
Q

Generally involved in the ff. functions: (External anatomy)

A
  1. PROTECTION/COVERING - such as feathers, hairs, horns, skin, etc.
  2. DIGESTION - like mouth, beak, bill, snout, muzzle, etc.
  3. SENSATION - such as skin, nostrils, eyes, ears.
  4. AESTHETIC - like comb, wattles, feathers
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3
Q

INTERNAL ANATOMY

A

Organs and organs systems that function in a well- coordinated manner to enable survival, growth and reproduction.

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4
Q

Generally located in the ff: (Internal anatomy)

A
  1. Thoracic cavity- lungs,heart
  2. Abdominal cavity - stomach,small intestine, pancreas, liver, spleen, large intestine, kidneys, adrenals.
  3. Pelvic cavity - reproductive organs.
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5
Q

PHYSIOLOGY

A

the study of the function of the parts or organ systems of the body; a study of function of living matter; provides the means by which environmental stimuli are perceived and a body reaction occurs.

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6
Q

HOMEOSTASIS

A

the maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment.

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7
Q

I. SKELETAL SYSTEM

  • Division of Skeletal System
A
  1. AXIAL SKELETON - all bones except limbs or appendages
    - skull, vertebrae and ribs
  2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON - Bones of the limbs
    - pectoral limbs and pelvic limbs
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8
Q

Bones

A

highly specialized supportive tissue characterized by its rigidity and hardness

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9
Q

Main Functions of Bones

A
  • Mechanical support (ribs)
  • Locomotion (long bones)
  • Protection (skull)
  • Metabolic reservoir of minerals
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10
Q

Composition of Bones

A

A. CELL
B. OSTEOID
C. INORGANIC MINERAL SALTS DEPOSITS

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11
Q

Composition of Bones;

A. Cell

Bones are composed of 4 CELL TYPES

A
  1. Osteogenic cells - Mesenchymal cells
  2. Osteoblast cells - bone secreting cells
  3. Osteocyte cells - mature bone cells that stop secreting bone substance
  4. **Osteoclasts **- remodeling cells
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12
Q

B. Osteoid

A

unmineralized organic portion of the bone matrix made up of collagen and glycosaminoglycan.

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13
Q

TYPES OF BONE

1.Cancellous or trabecular or spongy bone

A

consits of many interosseous space

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14
Q

TYPES OF BONE

2.Compact or cortical bone or lamellar bone

A

consist of extensive lamellae

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15
Q

2.Compact or cortical bone or lamellar bone

  • Osteon or Haversian system
A

basic unit of a compact bone

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16
Q

2.Compact or cortical bone or lamellar bone

  • Osteogenesis
A

process of bone formation through the secretory activity of osteoblasts

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17
Q

2.Compact or cortical bone or lamellar bone

  • Epiphyseal Plate or Epiphyseal Line
A

site of bone growth (long bones), composed of 3 zones;
* growth zone
* cartilage transformation zone
* ossification zone

18
Q

BONE CLASSIFICATION

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Sesamiod bones
  5. Irregular bones
  6. Pneumatic bones
19
Q

BONE CLASSIFICATION

1.Long bones

A

-acts as levers; for support and locomotion.

Example:
* Forelimb - humerus,radius,ulna,metacarpals,phalanges
* Hind limb - femur,tibia,fibula,metatarsals,phalanges

20
Q

BONE CLASSIFICATION

2.Short bones

A
  • absorbs concussion

Example: carpals and tarsals

21
Q

BONE CLASSIFICATION

3.Sesamiod bones

A
  • reduce friction; change the course of tendons

Example: patella

22
Q

BONE CLASSIFICATION

4.Flat bones

A
  • protects vital organs (brain, lungs)
  • provide areas for muscle attachment

Example: skull, ribs, scapula, pelvic bones

23
Q

BONE CLASSIFICATION

5.Irregular bones

A
  • protection and support; muscle attachment

Example: Vertebral column, some bones of skull.

24
Q

BONE CLASSIFICATION

6.Pneumatic bones

A
  • with air spaces or sinuses that communicate with the exterior

Example: flying birds, maxillary and frontal bones

25
Q

II. MUSCULAR SYSTEM

A

Function:

  • creates movements; protect vital organs; cardiac muscles pump blood; and smooth muscles aid digestion and ensure blood flows.
26
Q

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

1.SKELETAL MUSCLES

A
  • attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from nervous system.
27
Q

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

2.SMOOTH MUSCLES

A
  • found in the walls of hollow organs
  • contractions are involuntary
  • movements triggered by impulses that travels through the autonomic nervous system to the smooth muscle tissue.
  • smooth muscle in walls of organs like the urinary bladder and the uterus allow these organs to expand and relax
  • smooth muscle of alimentary canal (the digestive tract) facilitates the peristaltic waves that move swallowed food and nutrients
  • eye smooth muscle…
  • artery walls….
28
Q

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

3.CARDIAC MUSCLES

A
  • 3 Layers of the HEART;
  • pericardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
29
Q

MYOCARDIUM

A
  • middle layer is responsible for the hearts pumping action.
  • the cardiac muscle is found only in the myocardium, and contracts in response to signals from the cardiac conduction system to make the heart beat.
30
Q

III. NERVOUS SYSTEM

Basic unit of the nervous system

A

The nerve cells or neurons
Synapse

31
Q

The nerve cells or neurons

Basic unit of the nervous system

A
  • specialize in impulse conduction or the relay of messages from effector organs to the nervous system and vice versa
32
Q

Synapse

Basic unit of the nervous system

A
  • a gap between two neurons, where nerve impulses are transmitted from one nerve cell to another.
33
Q

Classified according to the direction of the impulse conduction:

1.AFFERENT (sensory) NEURONS

A

transmit nerve impulses from the effector organ to the spinal cord or brain.

34
Q

Classified according to the direction of the impulse conduction:

2.EFFERENT (motor) NEURONS

A

transmit nerve impulses away from the brain or spinal cord or towards muscles or glands.

35
Q

Classified according to the direction of the impulse conduction:

3.INTERNEURONS

A

conduct impulses from an efferent neuron within the central nervous system

36
Q

DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1.THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

A
  • the main processing unit of the body
  • includes the brain (enclosed bythe skull) and the spinal cord (enclosed by the vertebral column
37
Q

DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2.THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

A
  • composed of nerves emerging from the CNS.
38
Q

DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1.SOMATIC

A
  • supplies and receives nerve fibers (neurons) to and from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints and tendons.
  • brings about quick adjustments of the muscles to changes in the environmnet.
39
Q

DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2.AUTONOMIC/VISCERAL

A
  • supplies and receives nerve fibers to and from smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands.
  • made up to visceral motor fibers (those supplying smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands).
40
Q

TWO SUBDIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

1.Parasympathetic (Cranio-Sacral) Division

A
  • important for the control of ‘normal’ body functions e.g. normal operation of digestive system; “rest and digest”
41
Q

TWO SUBDIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

2.Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division

A
  • important in helping cope with stress; fight or flight.

Animal Science Review (7 decks)

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