Animal Science 101 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
Structures found oustside the body with integral part or parts of the organ systems located internally.
Generally involved in the ff. functions: (External anatomy)
- PROTECTION/COVERING - such as feathers, hairs, horns, skin, etc.
- DIGESTION - like mouth, beak, bill, snout, muzzle, etc.
- SENSATION - such as skin, nostrils, eyes, ears.
- AESTHETIC - like comb, wattles, feathers
INTERNAL ANATOMY
Organs and organs systems that function in a well- coordinated manner to enable survival, growth and reproduction.
Generally located in the ff: (Internal anatomy)
- Thoracic cavity- lungs,heart
- Abdominal cavity - stomach,small intestine, pancreas, liver, spleen, large intestine, kidneys, adrenals.
- Pelvic cavity - reproductive organs.
PHYSIOLOGY
the study of the function of the parts or organ systems of the body; a study of function of living matter; provides the means by which environmental stimuli are perceived and a body reaction occurs.
HOMEOSTASIS
the maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment.
I. SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Division of Skeletal System
- AXIAL SKELETON - all bones except limbs or appendages
- skull, vertebrae and ribs - APPENDICULAR SKELETON - Bones of the limbs
- pectoral limbs and pelvic limbs
Bones
highly specialized supportive tissue characterized by its rigidity and hardness
Main Functions of Bones
- Mechanical support (ribs)
- Locomotion (long bones)
- Protection (skull)
- Metabolic reservoir of minerals
Composition of Bones
A. CELL
B. OSTEOID
C. INORGANIC MINERAL SALTS DEPOSITS
Composition of Bones;
A. Cell
Bones are composed of 4 CELL TYPES
- Osteogenic cells - Mesenchymal cells
- Osteoblast cells - bone secreting cells
- Osteocyte cells - mature bone cells that stop secreting bone substance
- **Osteoclasts **- remodeling cells
B. Osteoid
unmineralized organic portion of the bone matrix made up of collagen and glycosaminoglycan.
TYPES OF BONE
1.Cancellous or trabecular or spongy bone
consits of many interosseous space
TYPES OF BONE
2.Compact or cortical bone or lamellar bone
consist of extensive lamellae
2.Compact or cortical bone or lamellar bone
- Osteon or Haversian system
basic unit of a compact bone
2.Compact or cortical bone or lamellar bone
- Osteogenesis
process of bone formation through the secretory activity of osteoblasts
2.Compact or cortical bone or lamellar bone
- Epiphyseal Plate or Epiphyseal Line
site of bone growth (long bones), composed of 3 zones;
* growth zone
* cartilage transformation zone
* ossification zone
BONE CLASSIFICATION
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Sesamiod bones
- Irregular bones
- Pneumatic bones
BONE CLASSIFICATION
1.Long bones
-acts as levers; for support and locomotion.
Example:
* Forelimb - humerus,radius,ulna,metacarpals,phalanges
* Hind limb - femur,tibia,fibula,metatarsals,phalanges
BONE CLASSIFICATION
2.Short bones
- absorbs concussion
Example: carpals and tarsals
BONE CLASSIFICATION
3.Sesamiod bones
- reduce friction; change the course of tendons
Example: patella
BONE CLASSIFICATION
4.Flat bones
- protects vital organs (brain, lungs)
- provide areas for muscle attachment
Example: skull, ribs, scapula, pelvic bones
BONE CLASSIFICATION
5.Irregular bones
- protection and support; muscle attachment
Example: Vertebral column, some bones of skull.
BONE CLASSIFICATION
6.Pneumatic bones
- with air spaces or sinuses that communicate with the exterior
Example: flying birds, maxillary and frontal bones
