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Biology 2 - Chapter 5 > Animal responses > Flashcards

Animal responses Flashcards

1
Q

What are cell signalling molecules?

A

The substance being secreted to initiate target cells or cause changes in body

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2
Q

How does adrenaline effect its target cell ‘smooth muscle in bronchioles’?

A

The muscles relax

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3
Q

What is the fight or flight role in relaxation of smooth muscle in bronchioles?

A

Dilation of bronchioles, allowing more O2 to reach blood

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4
Q

How does adrenaline effect its target cell ‘liver cell’?

A

Increases glycogenesis

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5
Q

What is the fight or flight role in the stimulation of liver cells?

A

More glucose is available for respiration

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6
Q

How does adrenaline effect its target cell ‘Sino-atrial node’?

A

Heart contraction speeds up

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7
Q

What is the fight or flight role for the Sino-atrial node?

A

Increase in heart rate

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8
Q

How does adrenaline effect its target cell ‘erector muscle in skin’?

A

Effector muscles contract

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9
Q

What is the fight or flight role in the erector muscle in skin?

A

Causes hairs to raise to make animal look big

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10
Q

What effect will maintenance of high blood pressure have?

A

Cause cardiovascular problems

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11
Q

What effect will maintenance of high blood sugar levels have?

A

Issues with blood sugar regulation and diabetes

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12
Q

For student t test data, what must be controlled in terms of presentation?

A

The two different groups should be presented separately, units should be included, k significant figures/decimals, present data graphically, label as means if means

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13
Q

Benefits of presenting t test data well?

A

Easier comparisons, show measurements were made using same method, standardise level of precision vision, spot trends better , clarity

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14
Q

What is most ATP generated by?

A

Aerobic respiration in mitochondria

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15
Q

What stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

How can ATP be produced when O2 supply is insufficient?

A

Anaerobic respiration - Pyruvate is converted into the toxic Lactate

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17
Q

Where can a third source of ATP be obtained from?

A

Transfer of a phosphate group from Creatine phosphate to ADP

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18
Q

During contraction of muscle, what is the energy from ATP used to break?

A

The cross link/bridge between the actin and the myosin head

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19
Q

Why do animals need to interact with the environment?

A

Need to obtain resources from it, need to be able to detect threats, to survive

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20
Q

What do animals need to allow them to respond to their environments?

A

Systems which can detect relevant changes and produce coordinated responses

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21
Q

What two parts does the nervous system have?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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22
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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23
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

The nerves running to and from the CNS

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24
Q

What two parts does the peripheral nervous system have?

A

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

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25
What does the somatic nervous system control?
Voluntary responses - voluntary control of body movements
26
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
The body's involuntary responses/functions - such as heart rate, regulation of blood vessel diameter
27
Why is the distinction between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems functional only?
They have the same neurone structures and run alongside one another - both going through to all body parts
28
What three types of nerves make up the somatic nervous system?
Sensory nerves, motor nerves, mixed/spinal nerves
29
What are sensory nerves?
Consist solely of sensory neurones - carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS
30
What are motor nerves?
Consist entirely of motor neurones - takes signals from the CNS to muscles and glands
31
What are spinal nerves?
- from spinal cord - contains both sensory and motor neurones = mixed nerves
32
What two parts is the autonomic system dived into?
The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
33
What does the sympathetic system deal with?
Flight-or-fight responses
34
What does the parasympathetic system deal with?
The rest and digest system
35
What four main parts make up the brain?
The cerebrum, the hypothalamus, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata
36
What is the largest part of the brain?
The cerebrum - about 80% of its mass
37
What is the cerebrum concerned with?
Conscious activities - vision/hearing/speech/thinking/memory
38
How many lobes make up the cerebrum?
Five
39
What two parts is the cerebrum divided into?
The cerebral hemispheres
40
What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
A band of nerve fibres - which make up the corpus callosum
41
Which cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of the body?
The right cerebral hemisphere
42
What is the cerebral cortex?
The thin outer layer of the cerebral - often called the grey matter
43
What does the cerebral cortex consist of?
Neurone cell bodies - is highly folded
44
Why does the cerebral cortex need to be highly folded?
Increases its SA, allowing more nerve cell bodies to be packed into it
45
Why is it good to to have lots of nerve cell bodies in the cerebral cortex?
The more nerve cells - the more connections between nerve cells in the brain - the greater complexity of behaviours that can be performed
46
What is white matter?
Composed of myelinated axons - below the cerebral cortex (the cerebrum is mad of white matter)
47
What are the five lobes in the cerebrum called?
The parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe and the insular lobe
48
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Vision
49
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Touch, pressure, body awareness, taste, language
50
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Hearing and facial recognition
51
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Smell, speech, motor control
52
Where is the hypothalamus?
An area in the middle of the lower side of the brain (just above and connected to the pituitary gland)
53
What does the hypothalamus do?
Monitors the blood flowing through it and releases hormones involved in homeostasis (either directly or by stimulating the pituitary gland to release other hormones)
54
Hypothalamus regulation of body temperature?
Monitors the blood temperature and initiates homeostatic responses when gets too high/low
55
Hypothalamus - osmoregulation is?
Concentration of blood is monitored - if too high the blood becomes viscous, igniting the release of anti-diuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland which acts in the kidneys to increase water retention and thirst
56
What is the hypothalamus' main functions?
Regulation of body temp, osmoregulation, regulation of digestive activity, control of endocrine functions
57
Regulation of digestive system is?
Gut secretions and peristalsis are controlled, hunger feeling is created when conc of blood nutrients is low
58
Control of endocrine functions?
The hypothalamus releases chemicals that stimulate the release of hormones from the pituitary gland
59
Where is the pituitary gland found?
At the floor of the brain, below hypothalamus, attached by pituitary stalk
60
What does the pituitary gland do?
Produces a variety of hormones, regulate body both directly or indirectly
61
What two parts is the pituitary gland split into?
The anterior and the posterior
62
What does the anterior pituitary gland do?
Produces and releases hormones
63
What does the posterior pituitary gland do?
Stores and releases hormones ADH and oxytocin in the hypothalamus
64
Where is the cerebellum?
Under the cerebrum
65
What does the cerebellum do?
Concerned with motor coordination e.g. balance, all subconscious and involuntary
66
Why is balance a complex function?
It requires coordination between the eyes, the semicircular canals in the ears, and a variety of muscles
67
What is semicircular canals?
Sense organs in the inner ear that detect body position and movement
68
Where is the medulla oblongata found?
Located at the base of the brain, joining with the spinal cord
69
What three centres does the medulla oblongata have?
The cardiac centre (regulate HR), The vasomotor centre (controls blood pressure/regulates contraction of smooth muscle), The respiratory centre (controls breathing rate)
70
What is a reflex action?
Simple, shows some characteristics, involuntary response to a stimulus
71
Examples of reflex?
Yawning, swallowing, saliva production, withdrawal, blinking
72
Are reflexes' voluntary or involuntary?
Can be both, blinking can be voluntary, the pupil reflex is always automatic
73
General reflex sequence?
Stimulus → receptor → coordinator → effector → response
74
Stimulus?
Detectable change in environment
75
Coordinator?
Central nervous sytem (brain or spinal cord)
76
What is the knee jerk reflex used for?
To test nervous sytem is working
77
Knee jerk reflex sequence?
Stimulus - stretching of quadriceps muscle, receptor - stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle, coordinator - spinal cord, effector - quadricep muscle, response - contraction quad and straightening of the leg
78
Reflex sequence in terms of neurones?
Stimulus, sensory neurone, motor neurone, effector
79
How does the receptor connect to the two neurones?
Receptor sends impulse down the sensory neurone, connects via a synapse with a motor neurone in the spinal cord
80
What is the reflex neurone?
In the spinal cord, conveys impulses between the sensory and motor neurones
81
The blinking reflex beginning?
Stimulus- anything that contracts/drys the cornea, Superior levator palpebrae muscle lowers the upper eyelid
82
What happens in blinking when upper eyelid is being closed?
The orbicularis oculists muscle (around the eye) helps to close it,
83
What neurones are involved in blinking reflex?
Any irritation sends a signal along the sensory (trigemiinal) nerve to the medulla, to then send signals to effector muscles, relay neurones also help close the lid
84
What causes... increase in HR/stroke volume/glucose blood concentration/blood flow to muscles/blood pressure/width of bronchioles decreases blood flow to the gut stimulates contraction of muscles in iris
Adrenaline
85
What decreases the HR?
Parasympathetic nerves
86
Antagonistic?
Of structures or chemicals in the body which perform opposite actions to each other
87
How are muscles organised?
In antagonistic pairs - so joint can move away and back to its original position
88
Three types of muscle?
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
89
Tendon?
Connects muscle to bone
90
What is a muscle made up of?
Multiple fascicles which are bundles of muscle fibre connected by connective tissue sheath
91
What are muscle fibres made up of?
Bundles of myofibrils held together by a sarcoplasm
92
What else is in a muscle fibre bar the bundles?
Mitochondrion, nuclei, sarcoplasmic reticulum connecting the transverse tubules, surrounded by a sarcolemma (cell membrane)
93
What are transverse tubules?
Extensions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the m muscle fibre of a muscle
94
When the muscles contract, what is it that changes in length?
The myofibrils
95
What do the myofibrils contain?
Bundles of thick and thin myofilaments
96
What are myofilaments made of?
Proteins
97
Thick filaments are made of?
Mostly myosin
98
Thin filaments are made of?
Actin
99
Why are myofibrils the reason for the name striated muscle?
Arrangement of the thick and thin filaments gives the myofibrils a striped appearance
100
What do darker bands represent?
Where the thick and thin layers overlap one another
101
What is a sarcomere?
One repeat of the arrangement of thick and thin filaments
102
What protrusions do myosin filaments have?
Myosin heads
103
Which filament is thicker in a myofibril?
Myosin is thicker, actin is thinner
104
What is the structure of actin?
An actin filament is made up of actin molecules, tropomyosin is wound around it and troponin (another protein) is attached to the tropomyosin
105
Two types of muscle fibre in skeletal/voluntary muscle?
Fast-twitch muscle fibre, slow-twitch muscle fibre
106
What is involuntary/smooth muscle used for?
Controlling gut movement and narrowing of arteries | unstriated, simple, spindle shaped cells with one nucleus
107
What is cardiac muscle?
Found in heart only, striated, it is myogenic (contract without stimulation)
108
How are muscle fibres connected in cardiac muscle?
Muscle fibres are branched to form a network which extends through the walls of atria and ventricles, they are also connected by intercalated discs (allowing transfer of depolarisation from one cell to the next)
109
What is neuromuscular junction?
A specialised synapse, at the end of a motor neurone where it joins to a muscle
110
What is different about a neuromuscular junction to a normal synapse?
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by somatic motor neurones, the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cell is folded for SA allowing more postsynaptic receptors
111
What is different about a normal synapse to a neuromuscular junction?
In a nerve synapse a single impulse may be insufficient to cause an action potential in the post synaptic cell is threshold potential is not reached

Biology 2 - Chapter 5 (2 decks)

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