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Biology 2 - Chapter 5 > Animal responses > Flashcards

Animal responses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cell signalling molecules?

A

The substance being secreted to initiate target cells or cause changes in body

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2
Q

How does adrenaline effect its target cell ‘smooth muscle in bronchioles’?

A

The muscles relax

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3
Q

What is the fight or flight role in relaxation of smooth muscle in bronchioles?

A

Dilation of bronchioles, allowing more O2 to reach blood

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4
Q

How does adrenaline effect its target cell ‘liver cell’?

A

Increases glycogenesis

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5
Q

What is the fight or flight role in the stimulation of liver cells?

A

More glucose is available for respiration

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6
Q

How does adrenaline effect its target cell ‘Sino-atrial node’?

A

Heart contraction speeds up

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7
Q

What is the fight or flight role for the Sino-atrial node?

A

Increase in heart rate

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8
Q

How does adrenaline effect its target cell ‘erector muscle in skin’?

A

Effector muscles contract

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9
Q

What is the fight or flight role in the erector muscle in skin?

A

Causes hairs to raise to make animal look big

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10
Q

What effect will maintenance of high blood pressure have?

A

Cause cardiovascular problems

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11
Q

What effect will maintenance of high blood sugar levels have?

A

Issues with blood sugar regulation and diabetes

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12
Q

For student t test data, what must be controlled in terms of presentation?

A

The two different groups should be presented separately, units should be included, k significant figures/decimals, present data graphically, label as means if means

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13
Q

Benefits of presenting t test data well?

A

Easier comparisons, show measurements were made using same method, standardise level of precision vision, spot trends better , clarity

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14
Q

What is most ATP generated by?

A

Aerobic respiration in mitochondria

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15
Q

What stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

How can ATP be produced when O2 supply is insufficient?

A

Anaerobic respiration - Pyruvate is converted into the toxic Lactate

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17
Q

Where can a third source of ATP be obtained from?

A

Transfer of a phosphate group from Creatine phosphate to ADP

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18
Q

During contraction of muscle, what is the energy from ATP used to break?

A

The cross link/bridge between the actin and the myosin head

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19
Q

Why do animals need to interact with the environment?

A

Need to obtain resources from it, need to be able to detect threats, to survive

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20
Q

What do animals need to allow them to respond to their environments?

A

Systems which can detect relevant changes and produce coordinated responses

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21
Q

What two parts does the nervous system have?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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22
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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23
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

The nerves running to and from the CNS

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24
Q

What two parts does the peripheral nervous system have?

A

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

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25
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Voluntary responses - voluntary control of body movements

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26
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

The body’s involuntary responses/functions - such as heart rate, regulation of blood vessel diameter

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27
Q

Why is the distinction between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems functional only?

A

They have the same neurone structures and run alongside one another - both going through to all body parts

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28
Q

What three types of nerves make up the somatic nervous system?

A

Sensory nerves, motor nerves, mixed/spinal nerves

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29
Q

What are sensory nerves?

A

Consist solely of sensory neurones - carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS

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30
Q

What are motor nerves?

A

Consist entirely of motor neurones - takes signals from the CNS to muscles and glands

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31
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A
  • from spinal cord - contains both sensory and motor neurones = mixed nerves
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32
Q

What two parts is the autonomic system dived into?

A

The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

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33
Q

What does the sympathetic system deal with?

A

Flight-or-fight responses

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34
Q

What does the parasympathetic system deal with?

A

The rest and digest system

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35
Q

What four main parts make up the brain?

A

The cerebrum, the hypothalamus, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata

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36
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

The cerebrum - about 80% of its mass

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37
Q

What is the cerebrum concerned with?

A

Conscious activities - vision/hearing/speech/thinking/memory

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38
Q

How many lobes make up the cerebrum?

A

Five

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39
Q

What two parts is the cerebrum divided into?

A

The cerebral hemispheres

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40
Q

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

A band of nerve fibres - which make up the corpus callosum

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41
Q

Which cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of the body?

A

The right cerebral hemisphere

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42
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The thin outer layer of the cerebral - often called the grey matter

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43
Q

What does the cerebral cortex consist of?

A

Neurone cell bodies - is highly folded

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44
Q

Why does the cerebral cortex need to be highly folded?

A

Increases its SA, allowing more nerve cell bodies to be packed into it

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45
Q

Why is it good to to have lots of nerve cell bodies in the cerebral cortex?

A

The more nerve cells - the more connections between nerve cells in the brain - the greater complexity of behaviours that can be performed

46
Q

What is white matter?

A

Composed of myelinated axons - below the cerebral cortex (the cerebrum is mad of white matter)

47
Q

What are the five lobes in the cerebrum called?

A

The parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe and the insular lobe

48
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Vision

49
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Touch, pressure, body awareness, taste, language

50
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Hearing and facial recognition

51
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Smell, speech, motor control

52
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

An area in the middle of the lower side of the brain (just above and connected to the pituitary gland)

53
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Monitors the blood flowing through it and releases hormones involved in homeostasis (either directly or by stimulating the pituitary gland to release other hormones)

54
Q

Hypothalamus regulation of body temperature?

A

Monitors the blood temperature and initiates homeostatic responses when gets too high/low

55
Q

Hypothalamus - osmoregulation is?

A

Concentration of blood is monitored - if too high the blood becomes viscous, igniting the release of anti-diuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland which acts in the kidneys to increase water retention and thirst

56
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ main functions?

A

Regulation of body temp, osmoregulation, regulation of digestive activity, control of endocrine functions

57
Q

Regulation of digestive system is?

A

Gut secretions and peristalsis are controlled, hunger feeling is created when conc of blood nutrients is low

58
Q

Control of endocrine functions?

A

The hypothalamus releases chemicals that stimulate the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

59
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

At the floor of the brain, below hypothalamus, attached by pituitary stalk

60
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Produces a variety of hormones, regulate body both directly or indirectly

61
Q

What two parts is the pituitary gland split into?

A

The anterior and the posterior

62
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

A

Produces and releases hormones

63
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland do?

A

Stores and releases hormones ADH and oxytocin in the hypothalamus

64
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A

Under the cerebrum

65
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Concerned with motor coordination e.g. balance, all subconscious and involuntary

66
Q

Why is balance a complex function?

A

It requires coordination between the eyes, the semicircular canals in the ears, and a variety of muscles

67
Q

What is semicircular canals?

A

Sense organs in the inner ear that detect body position and movement

68
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata found?

A

Located at the base of the brain, joining with the spinal cord

69
Q

What three centres does the medulla oblongata have?

A

The cardiac centre (regulate HR), The vasomotor centre (controls blood pressure/regulates contraction of smooth muscle), The respiratory centre (controls breathing rate)

70
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

Simple, shows some characteristics, involuntary response to a stimulus

71
Q

Examples of reflex?

A

Yawning, swallowing, saliva production, withdrawal, blinking

72
Q

Are reflexes’ voluntary or involuntary?

A

Can be both, blinking can be voluntary, the pupil reflex is always automatic

73
Q

General reflex sequence?

A

Stimulus → receptor → coordinator → effector → response

74
Q

Stimulus?

A

Detectable change in environment

75
Q

Coordinator?

A

Central nervous sytem (brain or spinal cord)

76
Q

What is the knee jerk reflex used for?

A

To test nervous sytem is working

77
Q

Knee jerk reflex sequence?

A

Stimulus - stretching of quadriceps muscle, receptor - stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle, coordinator - spinal cord, effector - quadricep muscle, response - contraction quad and straightening of the leg

78
Q

Reflex sequence in terms of neurones?

A

Stimulus, sensory neurone, motor neurone, effector

79
Q

How does the receptor connect to the two neurones?

A

Receptor sends impulse down the sensory neurone, connects via a synapse with a motor neurone in the spinal cord

80
Q

What is the reflex neurone?

A

In the spinal cord, conveys impulses between the sensory and motor neurones

81
Q

The blinking reflex beginning?

A

Stimulus- anything that contracts/drys the cornea, Superior levator palpebrae muscle lowers the upper eyelid

82
Q

What happens in blinking when upper eyelid is being closed?

A

The orbicularis oculists muscle (around the eye) helps to close it,

83
Q

What neurones are involved in blinking reflex?

A

Any irritation sends a signal along the sensory (trigemiinal) nerve to the medulla, to then send signals to effector muscles, relay neurones also help close the lid

84
Q

What causes… increase in HR/stroke volume/glucose blood concentration/blood flow to muscles/blood pressure/width of bronchioles
decreases blood flow to the gut
stimulates contraction of muscles in iris

A

Adrenaline

85
Q

What decreases the HR?

A

Parasympathetic nerves

86
Q

Antagonistic?

A

Of structures or chemicals in the body which perform opposite actions to each other

87
Q

How are muscles organised?

A

In antagonistic pairs - so joint can move away and back to its original position

88
Q

Three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

89
Q

Tendon?

A

Connects muscle to bone

90
Q

What is a muscle made up of?

A

Multiple fascicles which are bundles of muscle fibre connected by connective tissue sheath

91
Q

What are muscle fibres made up of?

A

Bundles of myofibrils held together by a sarcoplasm

92
Q

What else is in a muscle fibre bar the bundles?

A

Mitochondrion, nuclei, sarcoplasmic reticulum connecting the transverse tubules, surrounded by a sarcolemma (cell membrane)

93
Q

What are transverse tubules?

A

Extensions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the m muscle fibre of a muscle

94
Q

When the muscles contract, what is it that changes in length?

A

The myofibrils

95
Q

What do the myofibrils contain?

A

Bundles of thick and thin myofilaments

96
Q

What are myofilaments made of?

A

Proteins

97
Q

Thick filaments are made of?

A

Mostly myosin

98
Q

Thin filaments are made of?

A

Actin

99
Q

Why are myofibrils the reason for the name striated muscle?

A

Arrangement of the thick and thin filaments gives the myofibrils a striped appearance

100
Q

What do darker bands represent?

A

Where the thick and thin layers overlap one another

101
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

One repeat of the arrangement of thick and thin filaments

102
Q

What protrusions do myosin filaments have?

A

Myosin heads

103
Q

Which filament is thicker in a myofibril?

A

Myosin is thicker, actin is thinner

104
Q

What is the structure of actin?

A

An actin filament is made up of actin molecules, tropomyosin is wound around it and troponin (another protein) is attached to the tropomyosin

105
Q

Two types of muscle fibre in skeletal/voluntary muscle?

A

Fast-twitch muscle fibre, slow-twitch muscle fibre

106
Q

What is involuntary/smooth muscle used for?

A

Controlling gut movement and narrowing of arteries

unstriated, simple, spindle shaped cells with one nucleus

107
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Found in heart only, striated, it is myogenic (contract without stimulation)

108
Q

How are muscle fibres connected in cardiac muscle?

A

Muscle fibres are branched to form a network which extends through the walls of atria and ventricles, they are also connected by intercalated discs (allowing transfer of depolarisation from one cell to the next)

109
Q

What is neuromuscular junction?

A

A specialised synapse, at the end of a motor neurone where it joins to a muscle

110
Q

What is different about a neuromuscular junction to a normal synapse?

A

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by somatic motor neurones, the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cell is folded for SA allowing more postsynaptic receptors

111
Q

What is different about a normal synapse to a neuromuscular junction?

A

In a nerve synapse a single impulse may be insufficient to cause an action potential in the post synaptic cell is threshold potential is not reached

Biology 2 - Chapter 5 (2 decks)

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