Animal Responses Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 6 parts of the brain
A
Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex Cerebellum Corpus Callosum Medulla Oblongata Hypothalamus
2
Q
What is the cerebrum
A
Largest part of the brain, responsible for the higher brain function e.g. concious thought
3
Q
What is the cerebral cortex
A
outer surface of the cerebrum, divided into sensory, motor and association ares
4
Q
What is the cerebellum
A
Controls motor and sensory processing
5
Q
What is the corpus callosum
A
Holds the two cerebral hemispheres
6
Q
What is the Medulla Oblongata
A
Found at the top of the spinal cord, controls breathing rate, heart rate and smooth muscle
7
Q
What is the hypothalamus
A
In the inner brain, controls the ANS, endocrine glands and homeostasis
8
Q
What are the three types of muscles
A
- smooth
- skeletal
- cardiac
9
Q
What are the two types of nervous system
A
CNS
PNS
10
Q
What’s the difference between the nervous systems
A
CNS- brain and spinal cord, made up of grey matter and white matter
PNS- the neurones that carry impulses into and out of the CNS
11
Q
In the PNS, what are the two types of motor neurone
A
- somatic
- autonomic
12
Q
What’s the difference in the motor neurones of the PNS
A
somatic- CNS to skeletal muscles
Autonomic- CNS to cardiac muscle
13
Q
In the ANS, what are the two subsystems
A
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
14
Q
The parasympathetic speeds up the heart rate under stress. True or False
A
False- it decreases HR
15
Q
Does the sympathetic system have long or short pre-ganglionic neurones
A
Short
16
Q
Which system secretes ACh as its neurotransmitter
A
Parasympathetic
17
Q
Which system secretes Noradrenaline as its neurotransmitter
A
Sympathetic
18
Q
Does the sympathetic speed up or slow down the heart rate
A
Speeds it up
19
Q
Identify 2 effects of the parasympathetic system
A
- decreased HR
- Pupil constriction
- decreased ventilation rate
- sexual arousal
20
Q
Tendons attach….
A
Muscle to bone
21
Q
Ligaments attach….
A
Bone to bone
22
Q
Muscles working in pairs are described as…
A
working antagonistically
23
Q
Describe transmission of impulses at a neuromuscular junction
A
- Impulses arriving at the neuromuscular junction cause vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and to release acetylcholine into the gap
- Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle fibre membrane (sarcolemma) causing depolarisation
- Depolarisation wave travels down tubules (T system)
- T system depolarisation leads to Ca2+ release from stores in sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Ca2+ binds to proteins in the muscle, which leads to contraction
- Acetylcholinesterase in the gap rapidly breaks down acetylcholine so that contraction only occurs when impulses arrive continuously
- Ca2+ reabsorbed by sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport
24
Q
What are 2 similarities with a synapse
A
Both release neurotransmitters by exocytosis
Calcium ions cause vesicles to migrate and fuse
Neurotransmitter crosses by diffusion
Both post-membranes have sodium channels
25
Give 2 locations of smooth muscle
walls of the intestine
iris of the eye
walls of arteries
26
what is special about heart muscle
it is myogenic- self-generating contraction
27
Is cardiac muscle striated
Yes
28
what are the cell membranes of cardiac muscles called
inter-calculated discs
29
Define sarcomere
the smallest contractile unit of a muscle
30
what surrounds each muscle fibre (name of csm)
Sarcolemma
31
What is the smallest section of a muscle
Myofibril
32
What is the order of bands/zones in a myofibril
z line, I band, a band, h zone, a band, I band, z line
33
What are the two filaments in a myofibril
Actin and Myosin
34
The A band contains.....
....both actin and myosin
35
The I band contains....
....just actin
36
The H zone contains.....
....just myosin
37
Actin and Myosin are joined by...
...cross bridges
38
The model of movement is called what
The sliding filament model
39
Describe the sliding filament model
1. Myosin head groups attach to the surrounding actin filaments forming a cross bridge
2. The head group then bends, forming the thin filament to be pulled along and so overlap more with the thick filament. This is the power stroke.
3. ADP and Pi are released
4. The cross bridge is broken as new ATP attaches to the myosin head
5. The head group moves backwards as ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and Pi. It can then form a cross bridge with the thin filament along and bend again
40
Describe the structure of actin
A globular protein. Two actin filaments wrap around in a chain. They are held together by tropomyosin and troponin
41
Describe the structure of myosin
A fibrous protein forming thick filaments which have a head and a tail.
42
Why is ATP essential for the SFM
Energy from ATP is required to break the cross bridge connection and re-set the myosin head forwards
43
Why are Ca ions essential for the SFM
The Ca binds to troponin, moving it off of the actin binding site, so that the myosin head can bind there instead to induce the power stroke
44
How is ATP maintained
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Transfer from PC
45
What is the fight or flight response?
The range of coordinated responses of an animal during situations of perceived danger
46
Describe 5 of the somatic responses to danger
- pupils dilate
- HR increases
- BP increases
- Vasoconstriction
- Metabolic rate increases
- Skin stands on end
- Ventilation rate inreases
- Endorphins are released
- Sweat production increases
47
What is a stressor
A stimulus that causes the stress response
48
What part of the brain stimulates increased activity in response to a stressor
The hypothalamus
49
What is the predominant hormone released in response to a stressor
Adrenaline
50
Which nervous system is activated
Autonomous (ANS)
51
What is a behaviour
An animal response to a stimulus
52
What is innate behaviour
Involuntary, inherited behaviours
53
What does stereotyped behaviour mean
The action is similar in all members of the same species and is always performed in the same way in response to the same stimulus
54
Why are innate behaviours important for invertebrates
Have short life spans
Live solitary lives
Do not take care of their offspring
55
What are reflexes used for in the animal kingdom
Escaping predation e.g. earthworms withdrawing down their burrow in response to vibrations
56
What is kinesis
Non-directional movement e.g. woodlice in bright/dry = move faster
57
What is taxis
Directional orientation response e.g. Nematode worms have chemoreceptors in their lips. They move their heads from side to side to monitor chemicals strength in the air.
58
What is an example of a more complex innate behaviour
The bee waggle dance
59
What is learned behaviour
Animal responses that change or adapt with experience
60
Why don't invertebrates need learned responses much
- they have a short lifespan
- they don't care for their young
- they live in solitude
61
What are three classes of learned behaviours
```
Habituation
Imprinting
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Latent learning
Insight learning
```
62
What is learning
The capacity to record specific experiences, and modify behaviour in light of these experiences
63
Why is learning important
For our survival, as if you didn't modify behaviour, we wouldn't survive the variable environment
64
Define conditioning
(associative learning) Learning to associate a particular stimulus or behaviour with either reward or punishment
65
Which part of the brain contains the association area
Cerebral Cortex
66
Define operant conditioning
(trial and error learning) learning to associate a behaviour with a reward or punishment (reinforcer) e.g. skinners box
67
Define imprinting
Young animals will only follow and learn from the first object they see
68
Define classical conditioning
learning to associate a stimulus with a reinforcer e.g. pavlov's dog
69
What type of response does classical conditioning result in
Physiological response
70
What type of response does operant conditioning result in
Voluntary behavioural act
71
What is classical conditioning based on
an association between a natural and unnatural stimulus
72
What is operant conditioning based on
trial and error
73
What is insight learning
The ability to think and reason in order to solve problem e.g. Kohlers chimps
74
What does anthropomorphism mean
Our tendency to give animals human characteristics e.g. smiling dog
75
What is habitutation
Learning to ignore (decreased responsiveness) repeated exposure to a stimulus
76
What is sensory adaptation
Decreasing responsiveness to certain stimuli e.g. clothes
77
Imprinting can only occur....
.. if the object is moving
78
Give 3 primate behaviours
Grooming
Large groups
Care of offspring
Communication systems
79
Describe primate grooming
Picking parasites out of another’s fur, reinforces relationships
80
Describe large groups- primate behaviour
o Greater ability to see danger
o Deters predators
o Passing on of knowledge
o Protection of food sources
81
Describe communication systems- primate behaviours
```
o Signal danger and issue threats by
Calls
Displays
Grunts
o Facial expressions – recognition
```
82
Define dopamine
Hormone and neurotransmitter increasing arousal and creativity, decreasing inhibition
83
What does dopamine increase
arousal
| Creativity
84
What condition does high levels of dopamine lead to
Schizophrenia
85
What condition does low levels of dopamine lead to
Parkinson's Disease
86
What can treat Parkinson's
L Dopa
87
What are the 4 dopamine receptors
DRD 1,2,3,4,5
88
What codes for the dopamine receptors
Different genes
89
Which receptor is linked to ADHD
DRD 4
90
Define longitudinal study
observational research message in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time
