Animal Responses Flashcards
Name the 6 parts of the brain
Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex Cerebellum Corpus Callosum Medulla Oblongata Hypothalamus
What is the cerebrum
Largest part of the brain, responsible for the higher brain function e.g. concious thought
What is the cerebral cortex
outer surface of the cerebrum, divided into sensory, motor and association ares
What is the cerebellum
Controls motor and sensory processing
What is the corpus callosum
Holds the two cerebral hemispheres
What is the Medulla Oblongata
Found at the top of the spinal cord, controls breathing rate, heart rate and smooth muscle
What is the hypothalamus
In the inner brain, controls the ANS, endocrine glands and homeostasis
What are the three types of muscles
- smooth
- skeletal
- cardiac
What are the two types of nervous system
CNS
PNS
What’s the difference between the nervous systems
CNS- brain and spinal cord, made up of grey matter and white matter
PNS- the neurones that carry impulses into and out of the CNS
In the PNS, what are the two types of motor neurone
- somatic
- autonomic
What’s the difference in the motor neurones of the PNS
somatic- CNS to skeletal muscles
Autonomic- CNS to cardiac muscle
In the ANS, what are the two subsystems
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
The parasympathetic speeds up the heart rate under stress. True or False
False- it decreases HR
Does the sympathetic system have long or short pre-ganglionic neurones
Short
Which system secretes ACh as its neurotransmitter
Parasympathetic
Which system secretes Noradrenaline as its neurotransmitter
Sympathetic
Does the sympathetic speed up or slow down the heart rate
Speeds it up
Identify 2 effects of the parasympathetic system
- decreased HR
- Pupil constriction
- decreased ventilation rate
- sexual arousal
Tendons attach….
Muscle to bone
Ligaments attach….
Bone to bone
Muscles working in pairs are described as…
working antagonistically
Describe transmission of impulses at a neuromuscular junction
- Impulses arriving at the neuromuscular junction cause vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and to release acetylcholine into the gap
- Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle fibre membrane (sarcolemma) causing depolarisation
- Depolarisation wave travels down tubules (T system)
- T system depolarisation leads to Ca2+ release from stores in sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Ca2+ binds to proteins in the muscle, which leads to contraction
- Acetylcholinesterase in the gap rapidly breaks down acetylcholine so that contraction only occurs when impulses arrive continuously
- Ca2+ reabsorbed by sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport
What are 2 similarities with a synapse
Both release neurotransmitters by exocytosis
Calcium ions cause vesicles to migrate and fuse
Neurotransmitter crosses by diffusion
Both post-membranes have sodium channels
Give 2 locations of smooth muscle
walls of the intestine
iris of the eye
walls of arteries
what is special about heart muscle
it is myogenic- self-generating contraction
Is cardiac muscle striated
Yes
what are the cell membranes of cardiac muscles called
inter-calculated discs
Define sarcomere
the smallest contractile unit of a muscle
what surrounds each muscle fibre (name of csm)
Sarcolemma
What is the smallest section of a muscle
Myofibril
What is the order of bands/zones in a myofibril
z line, I band, a band, h zone, a band, I band, z line
What are the two filaments in a myofibril
Actin and Myosin
The A band contains…..
….both actin and myosin
The I band contains….
….just actin
The H zone contains…..
….just myosin
Actin and Myosin are joined by…
…cross bridges
The model of movement is called what
The sliding filament model
Describe the sliding filament model
- Myosin head groups attach to the surrounding actin filaments forming a cross bridge
- The head group then bends, forming the thin filament to be pulled along and so overlap more with the thick filament. This is the power stroke.
- ADP and Pi are released
- The cross bridge is broken as new ATP attaches to the myosin head
- The head group moves backwards as ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and Pi. It can then form a cross bridge with the thin filament along and bend again
Describe the structure of actin
A globular protein. Two actin filaments wrap around in a chain. They are held together by tropomyosin and troponin
Describe the structure of myosin
A fibrous protein forming thick filaments which have a head and a tail.
Why is ATP essential for the SFM
Energy from ATP is required to break the cross bridge connection and re-set the myosin head forwards
Why are Ca ions essential for the SFM
The Ca binds to troponin, moving it off of the actin binding site, so that the myosin head can bind there instead to induce the power stroke
How is ATP maintained
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Transfer from PC
What is the fight or flight response?
The range of coordinated responses of an animal during situations of perceived danger
Describe 5 of the somatic responses to danger
- pupils dilate
- HR increases
- BP increases
- Vasoconstriction
- Metabolic rate increases
- Skin stands on end
- Ventilation rate inreases
- Endorphins are released
- Sweat production increases
What is a stressor
A stimulus that causes the stress response
What part of the brain stimulates increased activity in response to a stressor
The hypothalamus
What is the predominant hormone released in response to a stressor
Adrenaline
Which nervous system is activated
Autonomous (ANS)
What is a behaviour
An animal response to a stimulus
What is innate behaviour
Involuntary, inherited behaviours
What does stereotyped behaviour mean
The action is similar in all members of the same species and is always performed in the same way in response to the same stimulus
Why are innate behaviours important for invertebrates
Have short life spans
Live solitary lives
Do not take care of their offspring
What are reflexes used for in the animal kingdom
Escaping predation e.g. earthworms withdrawing down their burrow in response to vibrations
What is kinesis
Non-directional movement e.g. woodlice in bright/dry = move faster
What is taxis
Directional orientation response e.g. Nematode worms have chemoreceptors in their lips. They move their heads from side to side to monitor chemicals strength in the air.
What is an example of a more complex innate behaviour
The bee waggle dance
What is learned behaviour
Animal responses that change or adapt with experience
Why don’t invertebrates need learned responses much
- they have a short lifespan
- they don’t care for their young
- they live in solitude
What are three classes of learned behaviours
Habituation Imprinting Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Latent learning Insight learning
What is learning
The capacity to record specific experiences, and modify behaviour in light of these experiences
Why is learning important
For our survival, as if you didn’t modify behaviour, we wouldn’t survive the variable environment
Define conditioning
(associative learning) Learning to associate a particular stimulus or behaviour with either reward or punishment
Which part of the brain contains the association area
Cerebral Cortex
Define operant conditioning
(trial and error learning) learning to associate a behaviour with a reward or punishment (reinforcer) e.g. skinners box
Define imprinting
Young animals will only follow and learn from the first object they see
Define classical conditioning
learning to associate a stimulus with a reinforcer e.g. pavlov’s dog
What type of response does classical conditioning result in
Physiological response
What type of response does operant conditioning result in
Voluntary behavioural act
What is classical conditioning based on
an association between a natural and unnatural stimulus
What is operant conditioning based on
trial and error
What is insight learning
The ability to think and reason in order to solve problem e.g. Kohlers chimps
What does anthropomorphism mean
Our tendency to give animals human characteristics e.g. smiling dog
What is habitutation
Learning to ignore (decreased responsiveness) repeated exposure to a stimulus
What is sensory adaptation
Decreasing responsiveness to certain stimuli e.g. clothes
Imprinting can only occur….
.. if the object is moving
Give 3 primate behaviours
Grooming
Large groups
Care of offspring
Communication systems
Describe primate grooming
Picking parasites out of another’s fur, reinforces relationships
Describe large groups- primate behaviour
o Greater ability to see danger
o Deters predators
o Passing on of knowledge
o Protection of food sources
Describe communication systems- primate behaviours
o Signal danger and issue threats by Calls Displays Grunts o Facial expressions – recognition
Define dopamine
Hormone and neurotransmitter increasing arousal and creativity, decreasing inhibition
What does dopamine increase
arousal
Creativity
What condition does high levels of dopamine lead to
Schizophrenia
What condition does low levels of dopamine lead to
Parkinson’s Disease
What can treat Parkinson’s
L Dopa
What are the 4 dopamine receptors
DRD 1,2,3,4,5
What codes for the dopamine receptors
Different genes
Which receptor is linked to ADHD
DRD 4
Define longitudinal study
observational research message in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time
