Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A2 OCR Biology F215 > Animal Responses > Flashcards

Animal Responses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the 6 parts of the brain

A 
Cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebellum
Corpus Callosum
Medulla Oblongata
Hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain, responsible for the higher brain function e.g. concious thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

outer surface of the cerebrum, divided into sensory, motor and association ares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

Controls motor and sensory processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

Holds the two cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Medulla Oblongata

A

Found at the top of the spinal cord, controls breathing rate, heart rate and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

In the inner brain, controls the ANS, endocrine glands and homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three types of muscles

A
  • smooth
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of nervous system

A

CNS

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the difference between the nervous systems

A

CNS- brain and spinal cord, made up of grey matter and white matter
PNS- the neurones that carry impulses into and out of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the PNS, what are the two types of motor neurone

A
  • somatic

- autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What’s the difference in the motor neurones of the PNS

A

somatic- CNS to skeletal muscles

Autonomic- CNS to cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the ANS, what are the two subsystems

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The parasympathetic speeds up the heart rate under stress. True or False

A

False- it decreases HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does the sympathetic system have long or short pre-ganglionic neurones

A

Short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which system secretes ACh as its neurotransmitter

A

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which system secretes Noradrenaline as its neurotransmitter

A

Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Does the sympathetic speed up or slow down the heart rate

A

Speeds it up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Identify 2 effects of the parasympathetic system

A
  • decreased HR
  • Pupil constriction
  • decreased ventilation rate
  • sexual arousal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tendons attach….

A

Muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ligaments attach….

A

Bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Muscles working in pairs are described as…

A

working antagonistically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe transmission of impulses at a neuromuscular junction

A
  1. Impulses arriving at the neuromuscular junction cause vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and to release acetylcholine into the gap
  2. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle fibre membrane (sarcolemma) causing depolarisation
  3. Depolarisation wave travels down tubules (T system)
  4. T system depolarisation leads to Ca2+ release from stores in sarcoplasmic reticulum
  5. Ca2+ binds to proteins in the muscle, which leads to contraction
  6. Acetylcholinesterase in the gap rapidly breaks down acetylcholine so that contraction only occurs when impulses arrive continuously
  7. Ca2+ reabsorbed by sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 2 similarities with a synapse

A

Both release neurotransmitters by exocytosis
Calcium ions cause vesicles to migrate and fuse
Neurotransmitter crosses by diffusion
Both post-membranes have sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give 2 locations of smooth muscle

A

walls of the intestine
iris of the eye
walls of arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is special about heart muscle

A

it is myogenic- self-generating contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the cell membranes of cardiac muscles called

A

inter-calculated discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define sarcomere

A

the smallest contractile unit of a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what surrounds each muscle fibre (name of csm)

A

Sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the smallest section of a muscle

A

Myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the order of bands/zones in a myofibril

A

z line, I band, a band, h zone, a band, I band, z line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two filaments in a myofibril

A

Actin and Myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The A band contains…..

A

….both actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The I band contains….

A

….just actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The H zone contains…..

A

….just myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Actin and Myosin are joined by…

A

…cross bridges

38
Q

The model of movement is called what

A

The sliding filament model

39
Q

Describe the sliding filament model

A
  1. Myosin head groups attach to the surrounding actin filaments forming a cross bridge
  2. The head group then bends, forming the thin filament to be pulled along and so overlap more with the thick filament. This is the power stroke.
  3. ADP and Pi are released
  4. The cross bridge is broken as new ATP attaches to the myosin head
  5. The head group moves backwards as ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and Pi. It can then form a cross bridge with the thin filament along and bend again
40
Q

Describe the structure of actin

A

A globular protein. Two actin filaments wrap around in a chain. They are held together by tropomyosin and troponin

41
Q

Describe the structure of myosin

A

A fibrous protein forming thick filaments which have a head and a tail.

42
Q

Why is ATP essential for the SFM

A

Energy from ATP is required to break the cross bridge connection and re-set the myosin head forwards

43
Q

Why are Ca ions essential for the SFM

A

The Ca binds to troponin, moving it off of the actin binding site, so that the myosin head can bind there instead to induce the power stroke

44
Q

How is ATP maintained

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Transfer from PC

45
Q

What is the fight or flight response?

A

The range of coordinated responses of an animal during situations of perceived danger

46
Q

Describe 5 of the somatic responses to danger

A
  • pupils dilate
  • HR increases
  • BP increases
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Metabolic rate increases
  • Skin stands on end
  • Ventilation rate inreases
  • Endorphins are released
  • Sweat production increases
47
Q

What is a stressor

A

A stimulus that causes the stress response

48
Q

What part of the brain stimulates increased activity in response to a stressor

A

The hypothalamus

49
Q

What is the predominant hormone released in response to a stressor

A

Adrenaline

50
Q

Which nervous system is activated

A

Autonomous (ANS)

51
Q

What is a behaviour

A

An animal response to a stimulus

52
Q

What is innate behaviour

A

Involuntary, inherited behaviours

53
Q

What does stereotyped behaviour mean

A

The action is similar in all members of the same species and is always performed in the same way in response to the same stimulus

54
Q

Why are innate behaviours important for invertebrates

A

Have short life spans
Live solitary lives
Do not take care of their offspring

55
Q

What are reflexes used for in the animal kingdom

A

Escaping predation e.g. earthworms withdrawing down their burrow in response to vibrations

56
Q

What is kinesis

A

Non-directional movement e.g. woodlice in bright/dry = move faster

57
Q

What is taxis

A

Directional orientation response e.g. Nematode worms have chemoreceptors in their lips. They move their heads from side to side to monitor chemicals strength in the air.

58
Q

What is an example of a more complex innate behaviour

A

The bee waggle dance

59
Q

What is learned behaviour

A

Animal responses that change or adapt with experience

60
Q

Why don’t invertebrates need learned responses much

A
  • they have a short lifespan
  • they don’t care for their young
  • they live in solitude
61
Q

What are three classes of learned behaviours

A 
Habituation
Imprinting
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Latent learning
Insight learning
62
Q

What is learning

A

The capacity to record specific experiences, and modify behaviour in light of these experiences

63
Q

Why is learning important

A

For our survival, as if you didn’t modify behaviour, we wouldn’t survive the variable environment

64
Q

Define conditioning

A

(associative learning) Learning to associate a particular stimulus or behaviour with either reward or punishment

65
Q

Which part of the brain contains the association area

A

Cerebral Cortex

66
Q

Define operant conditioning

A

(trial and error learning) learning to associate a behaviour with a reward or punishment (reinforcer) e.g. skinners box

67
Q

Define imprinting

A

Young animals will only follow and learn from the first object they see

68
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

learning to associate a stimulus with a reinforcer e.g. pavlov’s dog

69
Q

What type of response does classical conditioning result in

A

Physiological response

70
Q

What type of response does operant conditioning result in

A

Voluntary behavioural act

71
Q

What is classical conditioning based on

A

an association between a natural and unnatural stimulus

72
Q

What is operant conditioning based on

A

trial and error

73
Q

What is insight learning

A

The ability to think and reason in order to solve problem e.g. Kohlers chimps

74
Q

What does anthropomorphism mean

A

Our tendency to give animals human characteristics e.g. smiling dog

75
Q

What is habitutation

A

Learning to ignore (decreased responsiveness) repeated exposure to a stimulus

76
Q

What is sensory adaptation

A

Decreasing responsiveness to certain stimuli e.g. clothes

77
Q

Imprinting can only occur….

A

.. if the object is moving

78
Q

Give 3 primate behaviours

A

Grooming
Large groups
Care of offspring
Communication systems

79
Q

Describe primate grooming

A

Picking parasites out of another’s fur, reinforces relationships

80
Q

Describe large groups- primate behaviour

A

o Greater ability to see danger
o Deters predators
o Passing on of knowledge
o Protection of food sources

81
Q

Describe communication systems- primate behaviours

A 
o	Signal danger and issue threats by 
	Calls 
	Displays 
	Grunts
o	Facial expressions – recognition
82
Q

Define dopamine

A

Hormone and neurotransmitter increasing arousal and creativity, decreasing inhibition

83
Q

What does dopamine increase

A

arousal

Creativity

84
Q

What condition does high levels of dopamine lead to

A

Schizophrenia

85
Q

What condition does low levels of dopamine lead to

A

Parkinson’s Disease

86
Q

What can treat Parkinson’s

A

L Dopa

87
Q

What are the 4 dopamine receptors

A

DRD 1,2,3,4,5

88
Q

What codes for the dopamine receptors

A

Different genes

89
Q

Which receptor is linked to ADHD

A

DRD 4

90
Q

Define longitudinal study

A

observational research message in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time

A2 OCR Biology F215 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions