animal responses Flashcards
what is the cns
made up of spinal cord and brain
what is the peripheral nervous system
made up of motor neurones and sensory neurones. all nerves not in the cns
what is the somatic nervous system and what is it made up of
controls voluntary actions
sensory neurones motor neurones and spinal nerves
what is the autonomic nervous system with examples
controls involuntary actions like heart rate and vasodialation/constriction
what are the two parts of the nervous system with a brief description
sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
what does the sympathetic nervous system do
controls release of adrenaline
increases heart rate
widens pupils
triggers glycogenolysis
vasoconstriction in digestive system
vasodialation in muscles
what are the 6 parts of the heart and where are they
cerebrum - big bit
cerebellum - little brain
hypothalamus - middle
corpus callusum - bellow cerebrum
pituitary gland - base near hypothalamus
medulla oblongata - brain stem
what does the cerebrum control
language
problem solving
feelings
emotions
thinking
speech
voluntary actions
memory
what does the cerebellum control
balance
coordination of voluntary actions
what does the hypothalamus do
monitors blood
homeostatic response
what are the two parts of the pituitary gland and what do they do
anterior - produces and secretes hormones
posterior - stores and secretes hormones from hypothalamus (adh and oxytocin)
medulla oblongata
involuntary actions
heart rate
blood pressure
breathing rate
give examples of reflex actions
knee jerk
yawning
coughing
sneezing
moving body away from pain
pupil dialation/constriction
how does the fight or flight response occur
sensory receptors detect stimuli associated with danger
send and impulse to hypothalamus
hypothalamus sends impulse via sympathetic nervous system to adrenal gland to release adrenalin
adrenaline moves through blood to target tissue
cortisol is also released by adrenal gland to increase blood pressure and blood glucose
explain how adrenalin in the blood leads to higher blood glucose
adrenaline binds to receptors activating adenyl cyclase
adenyl cyclase concerts atp into camp
camp activates protein kinase
protein kinase causes glycogenolysis
glucose diffuses into blood via facilitated diffusion
system and neurotransmitter and where for increasing and decreasing heart rate
increase
- sympathetic
- noradrenaline in synapse to san
decrease
- parasympathetic
- asetylcholine in the same place
what is thyroxine and where is it made
increases heart rate and made in thyroid gland
features of muscle fibre
sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)
sarcoplasmic recticulum (ER)
sarcolemma (membrane)
multiple nuclei
mitochondria
myofibrils made of sarcomata’s
what is the A band
band with myosin and parts where myosin and actin cross
what is the I band
band with only actin
what is the H band
band with only myosin
what is the M line
middle of sarcomere (in H band)
what is the Z line
end of sarcomere (joins actin and actin from other sarcomere)
how is muscle contraction stimulated
action potential reaches presynaptic neurone stimulating calcium ions to diffuse in
this causes vesicles of acetylcholine to move out
ach binds to receptors on sarcolemma causing sodium channels to open and sodium rushes in
this depolarisation of the sarcolemma generates an action potential to move down the T tubules
causes calcium ions to diffuse out of sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm
calcium ions bind to troponin causing tropomyosin to move freeing up the myosin binding site
