Animal Responses Flashcards
Suggest how each of these stated effects of nicotine could contribute to cell death in the
brain.
increased blood pressure
thrombosis(blood clot formation)
.blood vessels burst
.blood supply reduced so cells cannot respire
.thrombosis reduces blood flow
.cells deprived of oxy
.cells cannot respire
The standard emergency treatment for a suspected stroke is to give a drug that will
counteract a thrombosis. If, however, the cause of the stroke is found to be high blood
pressure, an alternative treatment would be more appropriate.
Explain why
.if stroke has been caused by a bleed then the drug would increase the bleeding
Some possible effects of a stroke are listed below.
* Problems with coordination of movement.
* Loss of memory and speech.
* Paralysis of the body below the neck.
With reference to named parts of the brain, explain how each of these specific effects is
caused.
.disruption of oxygen supply for aerobic respiration
.lack of oxy to cerebellum leading to problems with coordination
.lack of oxy to cerebrum leads to problems with memory/speech
.lack of oxy to medulla oblongata leads to paralysis
Where, precisely, are acetylcholine receptors found?
postsynaptic membrane
The way that nicotine is thought to work is outlined in Fig. 7.1.
Using the information in Fig. 7.1(a) and Fig. 7.1(b), suggest and explain the effect that
nicotine has on the nervous system.
.nicotine slows the rate of transmission of action potentials
.as it binds to the receptor and opens Na+ channels
Fig. 3.3 is a diagram representing the neuromuscular junction in mammals.
What type of molecule forms ion channels W and X?
Identify region Y.
Name the enzyme found in region Y.
protein
synaptic cleft
acetylcholine esterase
Most ATP for muscle contraction is generated by aerobic respiration in organelles called
……………………………………………………………….. . Most of this ATP is produced by the stage of
aerobic respiration called ……………………………………………………………….. .
If the oxygen supply is insufficient, ATP can also be obtained from anaerobic respiration, in
which pyruvate is converted to the toxic product ………………………………………………. .
A third source of ATP in muscle involves the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a
substance called ……………………………………………………………….. .
During the contraction of skeletal muscle, energy from ATP is used to break the
…………………………………………….. that hold the actin and …………………………………………………
together.
mitochondria
oxidative phosphorylation
lactate
creatine phosphate
cross link
myosin
Use Fig. 2.1 to identify a part of the brain, A, B, C, D, or E, that is responsible for:
(i) co-ordination of the autonomic control of heart rate ……………… [1]
(ii) co-ordination of osmoregulation by the kidney ……………… [1]
(iii) co-ordination of the muscles involved in walking in an adult ……………… [1]
(iv) co-ordination of the muscles required to bend the elbow joint deliberately ………………
C
D
B/E
E
Describe how three named components of the elbow joint interact to bring about hinge
movement (bending of the arm).
.muscles contract in antagonistic pairs
.tendons pull on bone
.ligaments hold the bone together
Outline the organisation and roles of the autonomic nervous system in mammals
.consits of sympathetic and parasympathetic
.s has ganglia near to spinal cord but p has ganglia near to organ
.s uses noradrenaline but p uses acetylcholine
.s is fight or flight/p is rest
.s increases heart rate/p lowers heart rate
.s increases diameter of airways/p decreases it
Fig. 2.1 is an electron micrograph showing a longitudinal section of contracted striated muscle
Using Fig. 2.1, identify T, U and V.
Using Fig. 2.1, name the structure between positions X and Y.
.mitochondria
.z line
.myofibril
.sacromere
Explain why glycogen granules are present in striated muscle.
.used for energy storage as it breakes down into glucose for respiration
Fig. 2.2 below shows the arrangement of thick and thin filaments in striated muscle.
State what happens to the lengths of the following when muscle contracts:
a band stays the same
h zone smaller
i band smaller
Use this information and your own knowledge of the proteins in muscle cells to explain how
an increased concentration of hydrogen ions leads to a reduction in the force of contraction of
a muscle.
.less Ca2+ ions bind to troponin
.less troponin change shape
.less tropomyosin move aside
.less binding sites on actin available
.less cross links form
.the power stroke is reduced
Specialised cells that are able to detect stimuli can be found both within and at the surface of
an animal’s body. These specialised cells can be found singly or in groups and are known as
sensory ……………………………………………. .
Each cell is specialised to respond to a particular type of stimulus. Some specialised cells in
the retina of the eye respond to the ……………………………………………. and wavelength of light.
Groups of specialised cells in the nose and on the tongue detect
……………………………………………. stimuli and this results in the ability to smell and taste.
When specialised cells receive an appropriate stimulus which is above the
threshold ……………………………………………. , the cells are able to convert this energy into a
nerve ……………………………………………. .
receptors
intensity
chemical
potential
impulse
