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Developmental and Reproductive Biology > Animal Reproduction Intro, Unifying Feature of Animal Repro. > Flashcards

Animal Reproduction Intro, Unifying Feature of Animal Repro. Flashcards

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1
Q

Two Types of Reproduction

A

-Sexual Reproduction
-Asexual Reproduction

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2
Q

_____ is the creation of new individuals from existing ones.

A

Reproduction

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3
Q

_____ creates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

A

Asexual Reproduction

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4
Q

Enumerate Four types of Asexual Reproduction.

A

-Budding
-Fission
-Fragmentation
-Regeneration

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5
Q

The type of asexual reproduction that produces offspring by the outgrowth and eventual splitting off of a new individual from the parent.

A

Budding

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6
Q

This is an asexual process where a parent separates into two or more offspring of about equal size.

A

Fission

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7
Q

This is an asexual process where the parent body breaks into several pieces.

A

Fragmentation

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8
Q

The type of asexual reproduction that typically follows after fragmentation and is the regrowth of a whole animal from the pieces.

A

Regeneration

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9
Q

It is the fusion of Gametes (Sperm and Egg) from two parents, then the formation of a zygote happens.

A

Sexual Reproduction

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10
Q

_____ are individuals with male and female reproductive systems.

A

Hermaphrodites

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11
Q

It is the study of the development of the embryo.

A

Embryology

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12
Q

What are the 5 major stages of Embryology.

A

-Gametogenesis (Gamete Production)
-Fertilization (Gamete - Zygote)
-Cleavage (Zygote - Blastula)
-Gastrulation (Blastula - Gastrula)
-Organogenesis (Organ Formation)
-i.e. Neurulation- (Gastrula - Neurula)

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13
Q

Produces gametes, haploid cells, by meiosis.

A

Gametogenesis.

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14
Q

-Is the formation of sperm cells.
-Occurs in seminiferous tubules inside the testes.
-Primary spermatocytes are diploid cells that undergo meiosis and produce secondary spermatocytes.

A

Spermatogenesis

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15
Q

Is the development of eggs within the ovaries.

A

Oogenesis

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16
Q

What does Meiosis I Produce:

A

-Secondary Oocyte
-Polar Body

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17
Q

What does Meiosis II Produce:

A

-A mature Ovum
-A polar Body

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18
Q

_____ - Male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote.

A

Fertilization

19
Q

Sperm must pass through 3 barriers. What barriers are these?

A
  1. Jelly Coat
  2. Vitelline Layer
  3. Plasma Membrane
20
Q

____ contains digestive enzymes that eat away at jelly layer.

A

Acrosome Cap

21
Q

____ -species-specific boundary involved in sperm-egg recognition./ Ensures that other species cannot fertilize the egg./ Hardens and separates from the plasma membrane.

A

Vitelline Layer

22
Q

What occurs when sperm nucleus and egg nucleus form a 2N zygote

A

Fertilization

23
Q

The process of fertilization (Sexual Production)

A
  1. Sperm attaches the jelly coat of the egg.
  2. Sperm reach vitelline envelope.
  3. Sperm/ egg plasma membrane fuse.
  4. Prevention of Polyspermy
23
Q

Prevention of Polyspermy is the prevention of what?

A

Prevention of entrance of multiple sperm.

24
Q

____ reside just below of plasma membrane.

A

Cortical Granules

24
Q

____ - Under high Ca levels granules release contents between plasma and vitelline membrane, causing water to rush in.

A

Cortical Reaction

25
Q

____ - Rapid succession of cell division./ Doubling with each division./ Each cell is smaller than a zygote.

A

Cleavage

26
Q

____ - Multi-cellular embryo formed from a single celled zygote./ Hollow ball of cells with a large cavity surrounded by one or more layers of cells.

A

Blastula

27
Q

____ - Fluid filled cavity forms at the center of embryo.

A

Blastocoel

28
Q

____ - Sorts all the cells into distinct cell layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm).

A

Gastrulation.

29
Q

What are the three germ layers/ three primary cell layers.

A

-Endoderm (Inner Layer)
-Ectoderm (Outer Layer)
-Mesoderm (Middle Layer)

30
Q

____ begins when blastopore is formed.

A

Gastrulation

31
Q

____ is the midway opening on one side of the blastula.

A

Blastopore

32
Q

____ - Primitive gut formed (endoderm)./ Future mouth.

A

Archenteron

33
Q

The process of Gastrulation:

A
  1. Gastrulation Begins- Blastopore formed.
    (PLS REFER TO SLIDE 35)
  2. Cell migrating to form layers.
    -Archenteron
    (SLIDE 36)
  3. Gastrulation Complete- Gastrula formed.
    -Endoderm and Archenteron
    -Mesoderm
    -Ectoderm
    -Yolk Plug
    (SLIDE 37)
34
Q

____ - (Endoderm) marks the site of the blastopore and the future anus.

A

Yolk Plug

35
Q

____ - The embryonic formation of the neural tube directed by the underlying notochord.

A

Neurulation

36
Q

____ - a stiff rod (mesoderm) runs down the back of the embryo and provides support for other developing tissues./ Future Backbone.

A

Notochord

37
Q

The process of Neurulation:

A
  1. Neurulation Begins- Neural tube Formation.
    -Neural plate
    -Neural Tube
    -Future brain and spinal cord
  2. Neurulation Complete- Neurula Formed
    -Somites
    -Coelom
    (PLS REFER TO SLIDES 41 & 42)
38
Q

____ - thickened region (ectoderm) arises a pair of pronounced ridges called the neural fold.

A

Neural Plate

39
Q

____ is formed when neural folds meet.

A

Neural Tube

40
Q

____ - intestinal segmented structures (mesoderm)/ Give rise to vertebrae and associated muscles of the backbone.

A

Somites

41
Q

____- Body cavity (mesoderm) developed next to somites.

A

Coelom

Developmental and Reproductive Biology (2 decks)

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