animal, plant and specialised cells Flashcards
What are the main organelles of animal cells?
ー cell membrane
ー nucleus
ー mitochondria
ー ribosomes
ー cytoplasm
No cell wall, therefore no definite shape
What are the main organelles of a plant cell?
ー cell membrane
ー nucleus
ー mitochondria
ー ribosomes
ー cytoplasm
+
ー Cell wall
ー Chloroplasts
ー Vacuole
Have a definite shape due to their cell wall
Function of organelles in animal cells
Cell membrane: boundary between the inside and the outside of the cell. Controls what enters and exists the cell, through its partially permeable membrane.
Nucleus: where genetic material (DNA) is stored + acts as a control centre and gives instructions
Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell, carries out aerobic respiration which helps release energy for the cell + it takes food source (aka glucose) and breaks it down.
Ribosomes: make and build proteins. Does this by using instructions from the DNA.
Cytoplasm: a jelly-like fluid which carries out most chemical reactions of the cell + contains proteins and acts as a base for the cell.
Functions of organelles only in plant cells
Cell wall: made of CELLULOSE, provides structure, and support. Freely permeable membrane. Supports the cell and prevents it from bursting when the cell is full of water (turgid).
Chloroplasts: full of CHLOROPHYLL, which has a GREEN pigment. Photosynthesis occurs here.
Vacuole: filled with CELL SAP, which includes water and dissolved salts. Pushes the cytoplasm against the cell wall helping the plant/cell stay TURGID and provides structure. Stores dissolved nutrients, minerals, sugars etc.
Briefly state the specialised cells
ー red blood cells - transport of oxygen
ー root hair cells - absorption
ー sperm and egg cells - reproduction
ー palisade mesophyll cells - photosynthesis
ー ciliated cells - movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi
MRSGREN
ー Movement: as an action by an organism causing a change of position or place
ー Respiration: the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy
ー Sensitivity - the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment
ー Growth - a permanent increase in size
ー Reproduction: the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
ー Excretion: the removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements
ー Nutrition: the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
Red blood cells
ー no nucleus
ー biconcave shape
ー small and flexible
They contain no nucleus to maximise space of the protein haemoglobin.
The shape is described as biconcave, meaning that it has a concave shape on each side. This maximises the surface area for absorbing oxygen and also enables it to squeeze through narrow capillaries.
Root hair cell (plants)
ー Elongated shape: increases surface and water absorption
ー Thin wall
have long projections that maximising water absorption
Ciliated cell
ー Cilia
ー Mucus
Ciliated epithelial cells’ main role is to move substances in one direction.
provides the propelling force for the transport of mucus along the airways
i.e in the airways, ciliated epithelial cells help move mucus up towards the throat.
Sperm and Egg cells
ー Tail and tiny size (sperm)
ー Nutrient-rich cytoplasm (egg)
ー Nucleus (both cells)
Sperms are able to swim and fertilise eggs produced by females, which are large and rich in nutrients.
Both of these cells contain half of the usual amount of genetic material (a haploid nucleus) required to form a new individual.
Palisade Mesophyll Cell in leaf of green (plants)
ー containing the pigment chlorophyll (that absorb light and carry out photosynthesis)
ー contain numerous chloroplasts,
