Animal Physiology Exam 1

Question 1

humoral innate immunity is a product of

Answer 1

sentinel cells

Question 2

ligation of PAMPs to PRRs initiate:

Answer 2

intracellular signaling pathways that activate immune genes

Question 3

ligation of PAMPs to PRRs results in the synthesis of:

Answer 3

Cytokines, chemokines, vasoactive molecules, and antimicrobial molecules

Question 4

what are cytokines?

Answer 4

a large group of proteins that are important in cell signaling

Question 5

tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)

Answer 5

kills tumors, causes signs of inflammation (heat, swelling, pain, and redness)

Question 6

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Answer 6

pro-inflammatory cytokine

Question 7

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Answer 7

pro and anti-inflammatory properties

Question 8

What are the major cytokines?

Answer 8

pro-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory/regulatory

Question 9

what are antiviral (interferon) cytokines

Answer 9

produced in response to a viral infection. they interfere with viral growth

Question 10

types of antiviral cytokines

Answer 10

type I IFN, type II IFN, type 3 IFN

Question 11

what are anti-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines?

Answer 11

the most important and control inflammatory response

Question 12

what are chemokines?

Answer 12

group of at least 50 small chemotactic proteins. are produced in infected or damaged tissue and attract other cells to sites of inflammation or microbial invasion

Question 13

what are antimicrobial molecules? (AMPs)

Answer 13

host defense peptides, apart of innate immunity. they selectively kill bacteria by disrupting their cell membranes

Question 14

cells

Answer 14

organelles within neutrophils and macrophages and epithelial cells of skin and tracts

Question 15

what are lysosomes?

Answer 15

found in high concentration in neutrophil granules and macrophage. found in all body fluids except cerebrospinal fluid and urine. they destroy bacteria by the hydrolytic/digestive enzymes in them (engulfs the bacteria)

Question 16

what is complement?

Answer 16

innate defense subsystem with enzymes, regulatory proteins, and receptors that aid in antimicrobial immunity

Question 17

3 mechanisms of action of the complement system

Answer 17

opsonization, direct killing by lysis, and initiate inflammation

Question 18

what is opsonization?

Answer 18

labeling of pathogens and cells clearance/destruction by phagocytosis

Question 19

adaptive immunity

Answer 19

a defense system that can recognize and destroy specific invaders

Question 20

cells of adaptive immune system include:

Answer 20

T cells and B cells

Question 21

where are B cells found?

Answer 21

in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow in mammals, and bursa of Fabricius in chicken

Question 22

what do activated B cells become? what do they do?

Answer 22

plasma cells; produce large amounts of antibodies

Question 23

functions of antibodies

Answer 23

virus neutralization, complement system activation, and opsonization