animal phylogeny

Question 1

basal phyla

Answer 1

porifera- sponges
placozoa- flat not-amoeba
cnidaria- jellyfish/anemones/some coral/hydra
ctenophora- comb jellies

Question 2

defining feature of the porifera

Answer 2

choanocytes (collar cells)

Question 3

features of the placozoa

Answer 3

amoeba-like, upper and lower cell layers

Question 4

defining feature of the cnidaria

Answer 4

polyp/medusa body plan, nematocysts (stinging cells)

Question 5

ctenophora difference from cnidaria

Answer 5

colloblasts (sticky cells) instead of nematocysts for feeding`

Question 6

no of germ layers in basal phyla

Answer 6

2

Question 7

features of the lophotrochozoa

Answer 7

locophores (some)- filter feeding structures made of tentacles with cilia
trochophore larva (some)- small, translucent, free-living larva

Question 8

phyla in lophotrochozoa

Answer 8

annalida, mollusca, platyhelminths

Question 9

ecdysozoa defining feature

Answer 9

moulting

Question 10

ecdysozoa phyla

Answer 10

arthropods, nematodes

Question 11

Deuterostomia features

Answer 11

anus-first development, radial cleavage

Question 12

deuterostomia phyla

Answer 12

echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates

Question 13

chondrichthyans- what are they, where do they split off

Answer 13

cartilegenous fish, split off after hagfish/lampreys

Question 14

actinopterygians

Answer 14

ray-finned fish e.g. teleosts

Question 15

sarcopterygians

Answer 15

lobe-finned fish e.g. lungfish and tetrapods

Question 16

where did the amniotic egg develop?

Answer 16

between amphibians and birds

Question 17

gnathostoma- what evolved here + when

Answer 17

evolution of jaws from gill arches, devonian

Question 18

osteichthyes- what evolved here

Answer 18

bones (skeletal elements became vascularised and calcified)

Question 19

tetrapoda

Answer 19

cade containing the last common ancestor of all tetrapods (four-limbed animals) and all its descendants

Question 20

tetrapodamorph

Answer 20

sister group to lungfish (tetrapoda and all stem-group relatives)

Question 21

where did amphibia split off?

Answer 21

after lungfish, before amniotes

Question 22

what are squamates?

Answer 22

most living reptiles

Question 23

key adaptations enabling avian diversity

Answer 23

feathers and beaks- allows adaptive radiation, migration allowing adaptation to different local environments

Question 24

synapsid

Answer 24

non-mammalian amniote, including pelycosaurs/therapsids

Question 25

mammal main groups

Answer 25

monotremes, metatherians (e.g. marsupials), eutherians (e.g. placentals)

Question 26

first splitting mammal group

Answer 26

monotremes

Question 27

origin of mammals

Answer 27

permian

Question 28

therapsid features that are evolutionarily important for mammals

Answer 28

high metabolic rate, trough in the roof of mouth suggesting separate airway, differentiation of teeth, flexible neck

Question 29

feature that may have facilitated adaptive radiation of mammals

Answer 29

lactation- allowed tooth diversity

Question 30

cursorial vs non cursorial mammals

Answer 30

running rapidly for long distances e.g. horses, not e.g. moles

Question 31

benefit of mammal body plan for non-cursorial mammal

Answer 31

agility, ability to keep breathing while running

Question 32

defining mammal features

Answer 32

backbones, insulted hairy bodies, nursing with milk, specific jaw articulation

Question 33

mammal subdivisions

Answer 33

monotremata, theria (live-bearing) inc. marsupiala, placentalia

Question 34

allen’s rule

Answer 34

shorter appendages in colder climates

Question 35

gloger’s rule

Answer 35

heavier pigment in warm/humid areas

Question 36

diapsid

Answer 36

class of reptiles that includes dinosaurs

Question 37

ex of some marine diapsids

Answer 37

icthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, turtles

Question 38

archosauria

Answer 38

crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs/birds

Question 39

defining features of archosauria

Answer 39

skull features, e.g. teeth in sockets, 2 head fenestra (opeining between bones), modified ankle

Question 40

hey features of birds informed by their dinosaur origins

Answer 40

feathers emerged before flight, similar parental care, similar genome structure (reduced size/little repetitive dna)

Question 41

old vs new idea of bird origin

Answer 41

old idea of ‘big bang’, origin in cretaceous explosion of bird diversity following extinction, or origination following it in the tertiary

Question 42

bird traits that evolved multiple times

Answer 42

vocal learning, aquatic lifestyle, obligatory predatory behaviour

Question 43

arachnida members

Answer 43

spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks

Question 44

non-arachnid chelicerata

Answer 44

horse shoe crabs, sea spiders

Question 45

what are crustacea?

Answer 45

paraphyletic; all members of the panceustacea except hexapods

Question 46

chelicerata features

Answer 46

cephalothorax/abdomen body type, peripalps, book lungs, 4 leg pairs

Question 47

crustacea features

Answer 47

multiple potential body plans, 2 pairs antannae, metamorphosis, uni and biramous appendages

Question 48

entognatha

Answer 48

non-insect hexapods e.g. springtails

Question 49

apterygota

Answer 49

wingless insects- paraphyletig group inc brittletails and silverfish

Question 50

holometabola

Answer 50

lepidoptera, hemiptera, diptera, coleoptera egg-larva-pupa-adult

Question 51

hemimetabolous

Answer 51

Hemiptera, Orthoptera egg-nymph-adult

Question 52

Coleoptera

Answer 52

beetles- elytra, liquid channels/colouration

Question 53

Diptera

Answer 53

true flies- 1 wing pair/halteres

Question 54

Hemiptera

Answer 54

true bugs- mouthpart

Question 55

Hymenoptera

Answer 55

bees/wasps/ants- tapered bit between thorax and abdomen, eusociality common

Question 56

leipdoptera

Answer 56

butterflies/moths- large, scaly wings

Question 57

Orthoptera

Answer 57

crickets/grasshoppers- jumpy legs

Question 58

ametaboly

Answer 58

where immature and mature forms are the same