Animal Nutrition Test 3 Flashcards

Question

Classify the following carb as either a monosaccharides (pentose or hexose), disaccharide, trisaccharide, polysaccharide (pentosan or hexosan), or mixed polysaccharide. Dextrin

Answer 1

Polysaccharide hexosan, breakdown unit of starch so 3-8 units of glucose

Answer 2

Polysaccharide hexosan made of 3,000-5,000 units of glucose (cellobiose) Found in the cell wall of plants (the fiber found in the stem, leaves, and roots)

Answer 3

Polysaccharide hexosan made of glucose so it's very similar to starch Found in the liver and muscle of animals

Answer 4

Polysaccharide hexosan made of fructose Found in potatoes, tubers, and artichokes

Answer 5

Mixed polysaccharide that is a mixture of pentoses (mostly) and some hexoses Found in fibrous plants

Answer 6

Mixed polysaccharide that is a mixture of pentoses, hexoses, and salts of complex acids Found in citrus fruits and apples

Answer 7

Mixed polysaccharide made up of pentoses and hexoses Found in acacia trees and some plants

Answer 8

A monosaccharide

Answer 9

Glucose and fructose Both are WATER SOLUBLE and sweet

Answer 10

No, they can be made from hexoses, protein, and glycerol

Answer 11

ATP, ADP, riboflavin, and RNA

Answer 12

Partially digestible because of acidic conditions in the stomach Insoluble in boiling water, soluble in dilute alkali, readily degraded by dilute acid Mammals don't make enzymes to digest it Closely associated with lignin in the cell wall

Answer 13

1) Make up a major part of the animal and human diet (starch and cellulose) 2) they serve as both fuel and intermediates in metabolic pathways

Answer 14

Glucose is the major carb used for energy at the cellular level. All digested dietary carbs are converted to glucose, making it a dietary essential Major circulating carb in the blood

Answer 15

The position of the H and OH groups on C1 determines if the compound is in alpha or beta form

Answer 16

Brain and nervous tissue

Answer 17

Poultry, they don't have lactase

Answer 18

Saccharine, aspartame, fructose, sucrose, glucose, maltose, lactose

Answer 19

Ripe fruits, tree sap (maple sugar), vegetable, and sorghum (molasses)

Answer 20

Baby pigs until 7 days old

Answer 21

It's made commercially from starch via the malting process

Answer 22

Microbial enzymes, fungal enzymes, or acid

Answer 23

1) put B-galactosidase in milk before drinking it (break the bond and it'll taste sweeter) 2) drink lactobacillus acidophilus milk (makes a different bacterial population in large intestine)

Answer 24

60%, better for lactose intolerant people

Answer 25

Polysaccharide

Answer 26

Conversion of starch to sugars

Answer 27

Soluble in hot water Straight chains of glucose a-1,4-linkage only Helix

Answer 28

``` Insoluble in water Branched chains of glucose (more sites for enzymes to attach so more digestible than amylose) a-1,4-linkage AND a-1,6 cross linkages Phosphorous found One of the largest MW in nature ```

Answer 29

1 in every 400 glycose units

Answer 30

A million or more

Answer 31

Dextrin (3-8 glucose units)

Answer 32

Usually 2-8% in most species, can be up to 10%

Answer 33

Yes (pure polymer of glucose, which is water soluble)

Answer 34

Cellulose Also the single most abundant organic compound in the world

Answer 35

Pectin, hemicellulose, and gums

Answer 36

60-80% xylose and arabinose (pentoses), galactose, glucose, and others

Answer 37

Pectin, cellulose Remember lignin is close by too

Answer 38

Depends on microbes so questionable value to monogastrics Much of it is digested, even by humans, however. So it must be a readily fermentable fraction for the microbes for to be true

Answer 39

Holds water! Used as diarrhea medicine, given to cows in the form of beet pulp to make ruminoreticulum expand and cow has spring of rib Also used in dairy rations as fiber to balance fiber fraction

Answer 40

Hemicellulose

Answer 41

Energy reserve in roots, tubers, and seeds This is why glycogen is called "animal starch" because it's an energy reserve in animals

Answer 42

Usually less than 5%, carb is much more plentiful energy form in food

Answer 43

Monosaccharides

Answer 44

Digested by the same enzymes because hydrolysis of both to glucose is similar

Answer 45

Polymers and phenolic acid

Answer 46

Increases with plant age Found with hemicellulose and cellulose in cell walls Effects bioavailability of cellulose and hemicellulose for microbial use

Answer 47

Legumes are high in lignin Grasses are intermediate in lignin Veggies and cereal are low in lignin

Answer 48

Yes, microbes in large intestine can make VFAs from fiber These VFAs can provide some of the energy required for maintenance May be as much as 30% of the digestible energy intake due to a cellulolytic enzyme in the pig large intestine

Answer 49

Small bacteria (largest in microbial mass), ciliated protozoa, and fungi

Answer 50

Duodenum and Jejunum > ileum> stomach and large intestine

Answer 51

Serious GI upsets No sucrase in young mammals and ruminants = severe diarrhea or death when fed large amounts of sucrose No lactase in adult pigs and some humans= diarrhea when fed lactose Fewer starch-splitting enzymes in ruminants than nonruminants

Answer 52

Particle size, nature of the starch (amylose vs amylopectin), interactions of starch with proteins and fat, and the presence of antinutrients (tannins, phytate, saponins, and enzyme inhibitors)

Answer 53

If they weren't turned into glucose by the mucosa cell during absorption, then they'll be turned to glucose in the liver. The glucose can either be turned to fat or glycogen if it's being stored, but fat is much more likely than glycogen

Answer 54

It can be hydrolyzed RAPIDLY back to glucose (fat is slower!) or vice verse to keep circulating blood glucose within a narrow range

Answer 55

Glucose --> glycogen

Answer 56

Glycogen --> glucose

Answer 57

Insulin and glucagon from the pancreas

Answer 58

Using the energy of oxidation (giving electrons from a substrate to oxygen) to phosphorylate ADP to ATP Driving force for absorption of nutrients from the GI tract and synthesis of the 4 macromolecules

Answer 59

When the body tissues (liver and sometimes kidneys) make glucose from noncarbs like lipids and amino acids.

Answer 60

When metabolized it gives rise to a net increase in glucose

Answer 61

All the nonessential amino acids (everything that's not MATT HILL VP! Remember arg, three Tylers? Let's drown him in phenol) Some of the essential amino acids: Met, His, Cys, Val, Thr, Trp, Arg (I met his sister Valerie three times, she tripped down the stairs and yelled arg)

Answer 62

Tyr, Ile, Phe, Lys (Tyler said, "I'll make you feel like you have lice")

Answer 63

Glucose --> pyruvate --> fat

Answer 64

Acetate, pyruvate, or a-ketoglutarate

Answer 65

Converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria Reduced to lactate in the cytoplasm by oxidation of NADH

Answer 66

673 kcal (remember: 686 reactant for photosynthesis)

Answer 67

Lactating cattle and pregnant sheep also swine during starvation, pregnant ewes, and dairy cows with B12 deficiency

Answer 68

An excess of ketones (acetone, acetoacetate, and B-hydroxybutyrate) in TISSUES bc of a disorder in CARB OR LIPID (energy) metabolism Ketonemia/acetonemia = increased ketones in BLOOD Ketonuria = increased ketones in URINE Treat by restoring normal blood glucose because CHARACTERIZED BY LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE

Answer 69

Leaf, stem, and outer bran layer of seeds

Answer 70

Break down lignin (chief constituent of trees)

Answer 71

PROTEINS that are in the structural components of plants. Proteolytic enzymes can't degrade them so they have low bioavailability

Answer 72

Neutral detergent gives NDF (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) Acid detergent gives ADF of lignin and cellulose and ADS of hemicellulose H2SO4 digestion gives insoluble lignin and soluble cellulose Hemicellulose > cellulose > lignin based on solubility

Answer 73

Cloning cellulases to change microbial activity so that it can break the cellulose-hololignin bond Produce superior cellulolytic microbes

Answer 74

No particular structure Lignins structure depends on the plant species

Answer 75

Resistant to degradation by acids or alkali Reduces digestibility of PROTEIN too!

Answer 76

Around the time of setting of seed. Thus, many forages are harvested when they're beginning to bloom or right before

Answer 77

AEROBIC microbes and fungi Strong alkali can only break the bond- it leaves the lignin intact Note: rumen organisms can't do either!

Answer 78

Fiber, monosaccharide, and starch

Answer 79

Fiber: lots of it Monosaccharide: a little being transported from leaves to seeds Starch: none

Answer 80

Fiber: some Monosaccharide: lots from photosynthesis Starch: none

Answer 81

Fiber: some (but not much) because of hull/seedcoat Monosaccharide: some (but not much) as precursor of starch Starch: lots to nourish the seedling

Answer 82

80-90% digestible

Answer 83

Less than 15%

Answer 84

Green pasture has less cell wall content and less lignin Dormant pasture has more of both

Answer 85

Exactly the same for both

Answer 86

Highly digestible, 60-80% because they only have 2-3% lignin

Answer 87

1) insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents 2) they are actually or potentially fatty acid esters 3) utilized by living organisms

Answer 88

C: 77% H: 12% O: 11%

Answer 89

Simple lipids, compound lipids, derived lipids, sterols, and terpenes

Answer 90

Fatty acids+alcohols Fats and oils (these make up largest fraction of lipids in most material), and waxes (waxes are the only ones with an alcohol different than glycerol. They're unimportant and not used well by body)

Answer 91

9.45 kcal/gram for fat, 4.1 kcal/gram for carbs

Answer 92

Fatty acid + lipid + SOMETHING ELSE Phospholipids, glycolipids (sometimes contain N), and lipoproteins. The last two are used for metabolism and are scarce

Answer 93

Substances derived from simple or compound lipids by hydrolysis Fatty acids, glycerol, and other alcohols

Answer 94

Lipids with complex phenanthrene-type structure (used for metabolism, scarce)

Answer 95

Have isoprene-type structure Unimportant, not used well by the body

Answer 96

Fatty acids, glycerol, mono-, di-, and triglycerides, and phospholipids

Answer 97

Can be from 2-24 carbons long (even number), but the most common fatty acids have 16-18 carbons

Answer 98

Odd number of carbons, branched chains, or hydroxy acids These are less plentiful but found in ruminants due to microbial synthesis

Answer 99

Fatty acid

Answer 100

Unsaturated bc of the double bond

Answer 101

Long chain unsaturated fatty acids in depot fats (adipose) of fish They consist of: linoleic acid, eicosapentaenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Where double bond is is critical to biological activity

Answer 102

18 C, 3 double bonds

Answer 103

20 carbons, 5 double bonds

Answer 104

22 carbons, 6 double bonds

Answer 105

Atherosclerosis (CHECK THIS ONE)

Answer 106

Protect against cancer, diabetes, atherogenesis, and obesity Modulates immune function and bone growth

Answer 107

Mono di and triglycerides

Answer 108

Chain length and degree of unsaturation

Answer 109

Unsaturated or saturated with a chain length less than 10 More than 10 saturated is solid

Answer 110

Saponification number: chain length Reichert-Meissl (RM) number: proportion of VFAs present Iodine number: degree of hydrogenation/saturation

Answer 111

Ester phosphorus

Answer 112

Cell organization, also involved in mitochondrial enzyme systems and lipid transport because of their emulsifying properties

Answer 113

White, waxy phospholipid that oxidizes to brown in the presence of oxygen Basically phosphatidyl CHOLINE Keeps oils and water together (mayonnaise and milk)

Answer 114

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene (phenanthrene ring)

Answer 115

Adrenal cortex, gonads, corpora lutea, and placenta

Answer 116

Carb and protein metabolism, fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, stress resistance, and more

Answer 117

Regulate estrus, reproductive cycles, influence protein and nucleic acid and lipid metabolism, and regulate normal bone metabolism

Answer 118

Make sex hormones responsible for secondary sex characteristics, sperm maturity, activity of accessory glands of the genital tract, and promotion of N retention

Answer 119

Pseudosterol used as a growth implant in beef cattle

Answer 120

Energy supply, EFAs, carry fat soluble vitamins, and components of membranes

Answer 121

Prostaglandins These are are a type of eicosanoid. Prostaglandins have many metabolic purposes such as lowering blood pressure, stimulating muscle contraction, inhibiting norepinephrine-induced release of fatty acids from adipose, and modulating immune function.

Answer 122

Not completely understood, but they are major parts of phospholipid and cholesterol esters that play a part in cell membranes and lipid transport moieties

Answer 123

``` Dull hair coat with possible loss Scaly skin Necrosis of tail Failure to grow Affected reproduction and lactation Eventual death ```

Answer 124

Plants, pure sources of fat, and protected fat

Answer 125

Seeds Oilseeds such as soybeans, cottonseeds, and mung beans contain from 18-25% lipid

Answer 126

Soybean oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, etc

Answer 127

Tallow from beef and lard from hogs

Answer 128

Normally greater than 80% digestible. Exceptions include wax and cutin

Answer 129

Not much because gastric lipase has a higher optimal pH than the acidic conditions of the stomach More important in the young where the stomach pH is higher and the fats in milk are already emulsified (lecithin)

Answer 130

Calcium and the bile salts (emulsify fats into water bc lipase is water soluble)

Answer 131

Triglycerides. These are water-insoluble so they are emulsified in the stomach and further in the small intestine. This is a COARSE emulsion accomplished by peristaltic contractions

Answer 132

At the oil-water interface. Bile helps form the emulsion droplets and also helps to orient the lipase with the triglycerides for hydrolysis

Answer 133

From the 1 position. Only a lysolecithin is left

Answer 134

Monoglycerides and lysolecithin. Therefore the digestion products promote further digestion

Answer 135

Bile acids and monoglycerides form micelles. These take up fatty acids (>12) and degrade them. The micelle then goes to the brush border of the jejunum (which is aided by the peristaltic contractions of the gut) and is absorbed into the mucosa cell. Here, monoglycerides and made back into TGs. Next, a chylomicron is made and transported out of the cell via osmotic pressure into the central lacteal of the lymphatic system, to the thoracic duct at the right atrium, and to the body.

Answer 136

100, 10,000

Answer 137

95% efficient

Answer 138

``` Triglyceride: 80% Cholesterol esters: 9% Phospholipid: 7% Cholesterol: 2% Protein: 2% ```

Answer 139

Glucose to pyruvate to acetyl CoA, which can either go to the TCA for energy production or undergo lipogenesis to make SATURATED fatty acids. These then become unsaturated and are used to make TGs, phospholipids, etc. To get a fatty acid (either saturated or unsaturated) back to acetyl CoA again, do beta oxidation (take 2 carbs off at a time at the carboxyl end until it's degraded)

Answer 140

TG from the seeds and galactolipids from the leaves

Answer 141

Propionic acid

Answer 142

Short chain only! Remember all fatty acids are made saturated in the rumen Short chain can also be absorbed in rumen or passed down the tract.

Answer 143

They form water-soluble salts (soaps) and pass on for absorption in the small intestine -not absorbed in rumen or used by microbes! Just pass on in the form of soaps

Answer 144

Nervous and endocrine system, so there's nerves and blood in adipose

Answer 145

1.5%-50% in seals Nearly all milk lipid is TG (mammary glands actively make TG and secrete it into milk)

Answer 146

Circulating TG Circulating nonesterified fatty acids originating in adipose tissue De novo fatty acid synthesis in mammary gland

Answer 147

Glucose (turns into acetyl CoA to undergo lipogenesis to make saturated FAs to make unsaturated)

Answer 148

Acetate and much smaller amounts of a-hydroxybutyrate (remember acetate is the precursor of milk fat! So we have to keep forage levels high)

Answer 149

The microsome

Answer 150

Made from acetyl CoA (from carbs, amino acids, or fats) The carboxyl end of one acetate (from acetyl-CoA) joins the methyl end of another. This repeats to eventually make palmitate, and then other fatty acids are made by modifications of palmitate

Answer 151

Elongation, desaturation, and hydroxylation

Answer 152

Either oxidized in place or transported to other tissues as albumin-fatty acid complexes for oxidation there Liver, heart, and resting skeletal muscles all rely on fatty acid oxidation for energy (ATP)

Answer 153

Liver, where it can either be used for energy or converted to glucose

Answer 154

``` Entry into TCA Synthesis of long chain fatty acids Acetylation reactions Steroid synthesis Ketone body formation ```

Answer 155

HDL, which is poorly associated with heart disease (LDL is)

Answer 156

HDL than LDL

Answer 157

Vitamin E, it's an antioxidant so it prevents the oxidation of lipids while they're circulating in the blood, which prevents arteries from being damaged and therefore makes them less susceptible to plaque lay down

Answer 158

Continuous process, normally the ketones are removed rapidly from the blood by muscle They are used to supply energy

Answer 159

High fat or high cholesterol diet Increased liver lipogenesis caused by excessive carb or excess intake of certain B vitamins Increased mobilization of lipids from adipose tissue caused by diabetes Starvation Hypoglycemia Increased hormone output (growth hormone, adrenal corticotrophic hormone, adrenal corticosteroids) Decreased transport of lipids from the liver to other tissues caused by deficiencies in choline, pantothenic acid, inositol, protein, or certain amino acids (met and thr)

Answer 160

NOT ARTERIOSCLEROSIS Characterized by progressive degenerative changes in the blood vessels and heart of humans and animals Associated with high serum cholesterol concentration (saturated fats raise it and eating cholesterol) LDL increases risk, HDL reduces it

Answer 161

0.5:1 As this ratio goes up, less plasma cholesterol

Answer 162

Increase it, so it protects against the atherogenic process