Animal Nutrition: Exam 1 Review Flashcards
Why do we feed animals?
Production of:
-Meat
-Milk
-Eggs
-Fiber
Why do we study nutrition?
Nutrition affects:
- Health
- Well being
- Physical capabilities
- Susceptibility to and recovery from disease
- Incidence and severity of chronic metabolic diseases of aging.
What can be prevented with good nutrition?
Many health, reproductive, and production problems.
What does poor nutrition result in?
- Poor conception rates
- Poor weaning weights
- Difficult birth
- Higher feed bills because of over feeding.
- More infectious disease due to decreased immune system protection.
Nutrition:
How an animal (or human) gathers, processes, uses, and responds to nutrients.
Hippocrates:
Stated: “Let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food”
Leonardo da Vinci:
Compared the process of metabolism to a burning candle thereby linking the importance of diet and nutrition in fueling the body.
In 1747 what did Dr. James Lind performed?
He performed the first scientific experiment in nutrition on British sailors.
T/F: The sailors that ate the oranges and lemon felt better within six days, the disease that they suffered from was scurvy, and their missing ingredient was Vitamin C.
True
Who was Antoine Lavosier?
He was the “Father of Nutrition”
- Designed a calorimeter which measured the heat produced by the body from work and consumption of varying amounts and types of food.
What happened in the early 1800s?
Discovered foods were composed primarily of C, H, O, and N.
What happened in 1840 with German Justus von Liebig?
He pointed out the chemical makeup of carbs, fats, and proteins.
In 1897, what did Dutchman Christiaan Eijkman discover?
He discovered that food could cure disease.
What are the organic molecules produced by plants and what to they provide?
The organic molecules produced by plants are: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins.
- they provide nutrients to animals.
What do plants require and provide?
Plants require inorganic elements, nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy.
- provide an essential link between soil and animal life.
T/F: Nutrition involves the transformation of food elements into body elements through various chemical and physiological activities.
True
What famous English scientists analyzed the entire bodies of farm animals?
Lawes and Gilbert
What is the typical body composition of an adult mammal?
- 60% water
- 16% Protein
- 20% Fat
- 4% mineral matter
- less than 1% carbohydrates
Why are carbohydrates less than 1% in the body compostion?
Carbohydrates represent less than 1% of body tissue weight because it is the first source of energy and the left over is converted to fat.
What is the ratio of water, protein, and ash content?
19: 5: 1
What is more responsible for more variation than species?
Age
Protein and Fat accretion continue over the entire growth period, but FAT accumulates at a faster rate. What is the result?
This results in a substantial decrease in the protein:fat ratio as the animal approaches mature size.
What are the two major variables in animal composition and how do these vary?
The major variables in animal composition are concentrations of water and fat and these two components vary inversely.
T/F: Water content shows a large decrease with age early in life.
True
Variations within a given age are due primarily to nutritional state, as reflected in the store of:
FAT
Are the chemical groups that make up the composition of the body evenly distributed through the organs and tissue?
NO, they are not evenly distributed.
Water:
An essential constituent, but its distribution varies.
Carbohydrates:
- found principally in liver, muscles and blood.
- constantly being formed and broken down in metabolism
- performs a multitude of vital functions
Protein:
Present in every cell and is the principle constituent (other than water) of the organs and soft structures of the body such as muscles, tendons, and connective tissue.
Fat:
Localized in adipose tissue or fat depots (which occur under the skin, around the intestine, around the kidneys and other organs)
- also present in the muscles, bones, and elsewhere [fat is found around the organs for protection]
Mineral:
[found in bones] comprises a large number of elements present in varying amounts in different parts, according to the functions they perform. (depending on diet)
Calcium:
Present almost entirely in the bones and teeth.
- is not a fraction of a percent
T/F: Phosphorus combined with calcium to form skeleton accounts for ~80% of the body supply.
True
What happens to the remainder of phosphorus?
It is widely distributed in combination with certain proteins and fats as inorganic slats.