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genphyio finallllsssss > animal nutrition and digestive system > Flashcards

animal nutrition and digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Primary food source is plant-based.

Have evolved digestive systems capable of handling large amounts of plant material.

A

herbivores

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2
Q

fruit eaters

A

frugivores

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3
Q

seed eaters

A

granivores

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4
Q

nectar feeders

A

nectivores

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5
Q

leaf feeders

A

folivores

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6
Q

rely entirely on animal fish

A

obligate carnivores

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7
Q

also eat non animal food

A

facultative carnivores

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8
Q

Simplest example of an evolved digestive system is the gastrovascular cavity.

Only has one opening for digestion.
Blind tube or cavity.
“Mouth” and “anus” are the same opening.
Cells within the cavity secrete digestive enzymes.
Food particles are engulfed by cells lining the cavity.
Examples: jellyfish and sea anemones

A

invertebrate digestive systems

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9
Q

Consists of a single tube.
Food passes through mouth and is stored in the crop.
Food then passes to the gizzard where it is churned and digested.
Food particles then pass through the intestine where absorption occurs.
Feces (castings) are eliminated through the anus.
Examples: tapeworms and earthworms

A

alimentary canal

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10
Q

Have evolved more complex digestive systems to adapt to their dietary needs.

A

vertebrate digestive system

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11
Q

Food passes through the digestive system, collects in the cecum, and then it passes as soft feces called

A

cecotrophes

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12
Q

stomach chamber where gastric juices are produced

A

proventriculus

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13
Q

stomach chamber where food is stored soaked and ground

A

gizzard

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14
Q

Undigested material forms pellets.
Most chemical digestion and absorption happens within the intestine.
Waste is excreted through the cloaca.

A

avian

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15
Q

ruminants

contain prokaryotes and protists to digest cellulose fiber.

A

rumen and reticulum

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16
Q

ruminants

Cud is regurgitated chewed and swallowed in third stomach– removes water

A

omasum

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17
Q

Cud then passes onto the BLANK – enzymes produced by animal

TRUE STOMACH

A

Abomasum

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18
Q

gas that is produced by fermentation

A

methane

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19
Q

Mainly herbivores like cows and goats.
Diets include large amounts of roughage (fiber).
Digestive systems have evolved to handle large amounts of cellulose.
Do not have upper incisor teeth.
Use lower teeth, tongue, and lips to tear and chew food.

A

RUMINANTS

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20
Q

In parts of digestive system. the digestion is entirely

A

extracellular

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21
Q

secrete saliva: contains digestive enzyme
for carbohydrates

A

salivary glands

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22
Q

major metabolic organ:
processes and stores nutrients;
produces bile for emulsification of fats

A

liver

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23
Q

stores bile from liver; sends it to
the small intestine

A

gall bladder

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24
Q

produces pancreatic juice: contains digestive
enzymes, and sends it to the small intestine;
produces insulin and secretes it into the
blood after eating

A

pancreas

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25
Q

passageway where food is swallowed

A

pharynx

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26
Q

passageway where peristalsis pushes
food to stomach

A

esophagus

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27
Q

secretes acid and digestive enzyme
for protein; churns, mixing food with
secretions, and sends chyme to
small intestine

A

stomach

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28
Q

mixes chyme with digestive enzymes
for final breakdown; absorbs nutrient
molecules into body; secretes
digestive hormones into blood

A

small intestine

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29
Q

absorbs water and salt to form feces

A

large intestine

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30
Q

stores and regulates elimination
of feces

A

rectum

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31
Q

Point of entry for food.
Mastication breaks food down into smaller particles.
All mammals have teeth for chewing.
Saliva begins the digestion process.

A

oral cavity

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32
Q

3 produced by salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

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33
Q

Watery substance that contains mucous, immunoglobins, lysozymes, and salivary amylase

A

breaks down carbohydrates

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34
Q

differs with mode of nutrition

A

dentition

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35
Q

chisel-shaped incisors

pointed canines

fairly flat premolars

flat molars

A

omnivores

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36
Q

Incisors for clipping
Premolars and molars for grinding

A

herbivores

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37
Q

reduced canines
large flat molars and premolars
shrap incisors

A

herbivores

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38
Q

pointed incisors
enlarged canines
jagged molars and premolars

similarly shaped conical teeth

A

carnivores

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39
Q

is produced by cells in the tongue and begins the breakdown of triglycerides.

A

lipase

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40
Q

wettened mass of food produced in the mouth

A

bolus

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41
Q

aids in swallowing, which moves the bolus to the pharynx.

A

tongue

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42
Q

closes off nasopharynx

A

soft palate

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43
Q

in the trachea, this directs food into the esophagus.

A

epiglottis

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44
Q

Tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach.

A

esophagus

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45
Q

Involuntary response to swallowing.
Unidirectional motion that moves bolus to stomach.

A

peristalsis

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46
Q

Rhythmical contraction to move contents in tubular organs

A

peristalsis

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47
Q

provides entry into the stomach.

A

gastro-esophageal sphincter

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48
Q

Circular smooth muscles that relax in response to swallowing and pressure.

Not a true sphincter in humans.

A

gastro-esophageal sphincter

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49
Q

Saclike organ that secretes gastric digestive juices.

Highly acidic for the chemical breakdown of food and extraction of nutrients.

Can expand up to 20 times its resting size due to folds within (rugae).

A

stomach

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50
Q

A major site for protein digestion (except in ruminants).

A

stomach

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51
Q

secrete pepsinogen, which changes into pepsin within the stomach acid.

A

chief cells

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52
Q

secrete hydrogen and chloride, which becomes hydrochloric acid.

A

parietal cells

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53
Q

Chemical digestion is facilitated by

A

churning action

54
Q

mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices

A

chyme

55
Q

allows small amount of chyme to enter small intestine.

A

pyloric sphincter

56
Q

Stomach is protected from extreme acidity by…
Thick lining of mucous containing

A

bicarbonate

57
Q

Stomach wall has deep folds

Folds disappear as the stomach fills to an approximate volume of one liter

A

stomach

58
Q

has millions of gastric pits, which drain gastric glands

A

epithelial lining of the stomach

59
Q

is a hydrolytic enzyme that acts on protein to produce peptides

A

pepsin

60
Q

Digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats is competed.

A

small intestine

61
Q

small intestine has enormous surface because of

A

long tube with many folds

62
Q

fingerlike projections on internal surface

A

villi

63
Q

fingerlike projections on apival surface of villi

A

microvilli

64
Q

are lined with epithelial cells that allow for the absorption of simple food molecules

A

villi

65
Q

3 regions of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

66
Q

folds on the small intestine lining that increase the surface area to facilitate the absorption of nutrients.

A

villi

67
Q

stomach region wherein Chyme mixes with bile, pancreatic juices, and intestinal juices.

A

duodenum

68
Q

Contains variety of digestive enzymes.

A

pancreatic juices

69
Q

Adds alkalinity (bicarbonate).
Contains variety of digestive enzymes.

A

intestinal juices

70
Q

absorption of fatty acids occur here

A

duodenum

71
Q

Hydrolysis of nutrients continues.

Most absorption of carbohydrates and amino acids.

Bulk of chemical digestion and absorption.

A

jejunum

72
Q

Bile salts and vitamins are absorbed.
Undigested foodstuff passes through the ileocecal valve into the large intestine.

A

ileum

73
Q

Reabsorbs water and processes waste material.
Smaller in length but larger in diameter.
Regions include the cecum, colon, and rectum.

A

large intestine

74
Q

Initial segment.
Receiving pouch for waste matter.
Site of attachment for appendix.

A

cecum

75
Q

About 1/3 of the fecal matter is

A

bacteria, live or dead

76
Q

Houses many bacteria (intestinal flora) that aid in further digestion.

A

colon

77
Q

Main function is to extract water and mineral salts.

A

colon

78
Q

t or f

Carnivores have a shorter colon than herbivores.

A

true

79
Q

terminal end of large intestine

A

rectum

80
Q

store feces until defecation

A

rectum

81
Q

exit point for feces and has inner involuntary and outer voluntary sphincters

A

anus

82
Q

propelled via peristaltic movements

A

feces

83
Q

Absorbed nutrients from small intestine are processed.
Delivered via the hepatic portal vein.
Important in detoxification.

A

liver

84
Q

produce saliva

A

salivary glands

85
Q

Exocrine gland.
Assists in reducing the acidity of chyme.

A

pancreas

86
Q

digests starch to maltose.

A

pancreatic amylase

87
Q

digests protein to peptides.

A

trypsin

88
Q

digests fat droplets to glycerol and fatty acids.

A

lipase

89
Q

Pancreatic cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. It has the highest mortality rate of all major cancers. 94% of pancreatic cancer patients will die within 5 years of diagnosis

A

true

90
Q

Primary source of energy and organic carbon.

A

carbohydrates

91
Q

are stored as glycogen or converted into fats.

A

excess sugars

92
Q

present in food in the form of sugars, starch, and fiber.

A

carbohydrates

93
Q

Protein catabolism provides a source of organic nitrogen.
Protein breakdown provides amino acids.
Carbon and nitrogen become building blocks for nucleotides, nucleic acids, proteins, cells, and tissues.
Excess nitrogen must be excreted.

A

nitrogen

94
Q

Add flavor and a sense of satiety (fullness).
Significant source of energy.
Aid in digestion of fat-soluble vitamins and production of fat-soluble hormones.

A

fats lipids

95
Q

Provide energy at nine calories per gram.

A

lipids

96
Q

essential fatty acids needed to make some membrane phospholipids.

A

omega 3 and 6

97
Q

t or f

Human body can only synthesize 11 of the 20 required amino acids.

A

true

98
Q

Required in small quantities for some enzymes to function (coenzymes).

A

vitamins

99
Q

Cellular metabolism generates free radicals that carry extra electron.

A

antioxidant

100
Q

promotes eye health, healthy skin, teeth and bones

A

vit a

101
Q

helps body absorb calcim, maintin strong bones

A

vit d

102
Q

antioxidant boosts immune function

A

vit e

103
Q

aids in blood clotting

A

vit k

104
Q

helps the body produce energy influence growth or development

A

b vits

105
Q

boosts immune funtion, fights skin aging,antioxidant

A

vit c

106
Q

They help in structure and regulation and are considered co-factors.

A

inorganic essential nutrients

107
Q

f-tooth and bone formation

s-milk, dairy, curd

A

calcium

108
Q

f-bone dev

s-most foods

A

phosphorus

109
Q

f-nerve transmissions

A

sodium

110
Q

f- formation of hcl

s- salt

A

chlorine

111
Q

f- regulation of heartbeat

A

potassiom

112
Q

catalyst for atp fomation

A

magnesium

113
Q

f- thyroid act

A

iodine

114
Q

f- hemoglobin formation

s- meat, darkgreen veg

A

iron

115
Q

needed to obtain energy and maintain homeostasis.

A

food

116
Q

Energy stored in phosphodiester bonds.

A

ATP

117
Q

is released when phosphodiester bonds are broken (ATP to ADP).

A

ENERGY

118
Q

calories per gram of carbs, proteins, fats

A

carbs 4, proteins 4, fats 9

119
Q

Absorption sends chylomicrons into lymphatic vessels that enter the bloodstream via the subclavian vein.

Bile salts surround long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides forming micelles.

Micelles move into the brush border of the small intestine absorptive cells.

Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the absorptive cells and form triglycerides.

Triglycerides aggregate and become coated with proteins to become chylomicrons.

Chylomicrons leave the absorptive cells via exocytosis.

A

lipids

120
Q

Neural response to the stimulus provided by food.

A

cephalic phase

121
Q

Begins when the food arrives in the stomach.
Stimulated by…
Distension of stomach.
Decrease in the pH of gastric contents.
Presence of undigested material.
Consists of local, hormonal, and neural responses.

A

gastric phase

122
Q

Begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions.
Controls the rate of gastric emptying.
Involves hormonal and neural events that coordinate the activities of the intestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

A

intestinal phase

123
Q

controls the response of various glands and the release of hormones at the appropriate time.

A

endocrine system

124
Q

stimulates the pancreas to produce an alkaline bicarbonate solution.

A

secretin

125
Q

stimulates the pancreas to produce pancreatic juices and the gallbladder to release bile.

A

cholecystokinin

126
Q

is secreted by the small intestine in response to fatty foods.
Slows down peristaltic movements.

A

gastric inhibitory peptide

127
Q

surround long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides forming micelles.

A

bile salts

128
Q

move into the brush border of the small intestine absorptive cells.

A

micelles

129
Q

enter the absorptive cells and form triglycerides

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides

130
Q

aggregate and become coated with proteins to become chylomicrons.

A

triglycerides

131
Q

leave the absorptive cells via exocytosis.

A

Chylomicrons

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