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Wildlife Chemical Immobilization > Animal Medical Treatment > Flashcards

Animal Medical Treatment Flashcards

0
Q

Respiratory Depression or Arrest Causes

A

1.) Drug-induced depression of respiratory center

  1. ) Airway obstruction
    • Nose occluded
    • Trachea occluded (neck draped over log, neck twisted, etc.)
    • Vomitus or edema blocking airway

3.) Pressure on diaphragm (bloat, intestinal or uterine contents)

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1
Q

Respiratory Depression or Arrest

A

Tissue hypoxia resulting in cell death or damage caused by inadequate oxygenation of blood hemoglobin.

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2
Q

Respiratory Depression or Arrest Signs

A
  1. ) Few, shallow, or no respiration
  2. ) Cyanosis - gums blue or gray
  3. ) Noisy breathing
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3
Q

Respiratory Depression or Arrest Treatment

A
  1. ) Cease all further administration of immobilizing drugs
  2. ) Establish patent airway
  3. ) Begin artificial ventilation
  4. ) administer 1-2 mg doxapram (Dopram) IV
  5. ) Administer antagonist if any IV
  6. ) Use needle in nose technique
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4
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Body temperature increases to point where oxygen demand exceeds supply due to increased metabolism

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5
Q

Hyperthermia Causes

A

1.) Metabolic heat generated by physical exertion

  1. ) Heat absorption from environment
    • Warm ambient temperatures; direct exposure to sun
    • Confinement in poorly ventilated space
  2. ) Drug-induced alteration of thermoregulatory centers
  3. ) Bacterial or viral infection
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6
Q

Hyperthermia Signs

A
  1. ) Elevated rectal temperatures
  2. ) Extremities very warm to the touch
  3. ) Rapid, shallow breathing
  4. ) Rapid heart rate, irregular pulse
  5. ) Coma
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7
Q

Hyperthermia Treatment

A
  1. ) Cease all further administration of immobilizing agents
  2. ) Cool the animal
  3. ) Administer the appropriate antagonist IV
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8
Q

Hypothermia / Frostbite

A

Decreased body temperature to point of cellular death due to decreased metabolism, freezing of cellular water, and/or vascular damage

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9
Q

Hypothermia / Frostbite Causes

A
  1. ) Drug-induced alteration of thermoregulatory centers or decreased metabolism and/or endogenous heat production
  2. ) Cold ambient temperatures
  3. ) Loss of insulation (wet coat, oiled fur, malnourished, or recbent in one position for too long)
  4. ) Inadequate circulation (shock, foothold trap, etc.)
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10
Q

Hypothermia / Frostbite Signs

A
  1. ) Decreased rectal temperature
  2. ) Shivering
  3. ) Decreased heart rate
  4. ) Decreased blood pressure
  5. ) Extremities cold to touch
  6. ) Extremities firm (frostbite)
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11
Q

Hypothermia / Frostbite Treatment

A

Warm the animal!

Administering antagonist not recommended

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12
Q

Shock

A

Clinical syndrome characterized by ineffective blood profusion of tissue resulting in cellular hypoxia. Often seen in animals that have undergone a stressful or strenuous capture or handling

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13
Q

Shock Causes

A
  1. ) Prolonged physical exertion
  2. ) Prolonged physiological stress
  3. ) Prolonged psychological stress
  4. ) Severe blood loss
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14
Q

Shock Signs

A
  1. ) Rapid heart rate
  2. ) Low blood pressure (slow capillary refill)
  3. ) Muscle weakness
  4. ) Depressed sensorium (often masked by drugs)
  5. ) Hyperventilation
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15
Q

Shock Treaemt

A
  1. ) Cease all further administration of immobilizing drugs
  2. ) Administer fluids IV
  3. ) Address the blood loss situation if applicable
  4. ) Administer solu-delta-cortef (preferably) or dexamethasone (never both) IV
  5. ) Assist with ventilation if necessary
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16
Q

Bloat

A

Excess gas resulting from Nola fermentation accumulating in the rumen of ungulates; the rumen enlarges compressing the diaphragm and lungs thus impairing respiration

17
Q

Bloat Causes

A
  1. ) Drug induced (xylazine and opioids)

2. ) Incorrect body posture

18
Q

Bloat Signs

A
  1. ) Increase in size of abdomen
  2. ) Labored breathing (rapid, shallow)
  3. ) Increased salivation
19
Q

Bloat Treatment

A
  1. ) Correct the body position if applicable
  2. ) Pass stomach tube
  3. ) Insert large-bore needle into left flank to release gas
  4. ) Administer appropriate antagonist IV
20
Q

Vomiting / Aspiration

A

Vomiting - The ejection of stomach contents through the esophagus and mouth

Aspiration - The inspiratory sucking into airways of foreign material, such as vomitus

21
Q

Vomiting / Aspiration Causes

A
  1. ) Drug-induced (xylazine)
  2. ) Stress or excitement
  3. ) Head positioned lower than stomach
22
Q

Vomiting / Aspiration Signs

A
  1. ) Gurgling sounds during respiration
  2. ) Choking or gasping
  3. ) Cyanosis
  4. ) Presence of foreign matter in larynx, trachea, or nostrils
  5. ) Respiratory arrest
23
Q

Vomiting / Aspiration Treatment

A
  1. ) Cease all further administration of immobilizing drugs
  2. ) Clear airway
  3. ) Treat for respiratory depression or arrest if applicable
  4. ) Administer long-term antibiotics
24
Q

Capture Myopathy

A

A complex condition affecting animals which usually have undergone a particularly stressful capture and handling

25
Q

Capture Myopathy Causes

A
  1. ) Prolonged physical exertion
  2. ) Prolonged physiological stress
  3. ) Prolonged psychological stress
26
Q

Capture Myopathy Signs

A
  1. ) Ataxia or weakness
  2. ) Paresis or paralysis
  3. ) Myoglobinuria (dark, brownish urine)
27
Q

Capture Myopathy Treatment

A

Administer liquids

28
Q

Seizures / Convulsions

A

Transient disturbance of cerebral function characterized by a violent, involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles

29
Q

Seizures / Convulsions Causes

A
  1. ) Drug-induced (ketamine)
  2. ) Trauma
  3. ) Hypoglycemia
30
Q

Seizures / Convulsions Signs

A
  1. ) Uncontrolled muscle spasms
  2. ) Whole body spasms
  3. ) Rigid extensions of limbs
  4. ) Mouth gaping
31
Q

Seizures / Convulsions Treatment

A
  1. ) Administer diazepam (Valium) IV slowly

2. ) Monitor temperature

32
Q

Wound Treatment

A
  1. ) Clean wound
  2. ) Suture wound if necessary
  3. ) Give antibiotics
33
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Loss of effective cardiac function resulting in cessation of circulation

34
Q

Cardiac Arrest Causes

A
  1. ) Drug-induced
  2. ) Respiratory failure (hypoxia)
  3. ) Acid-base imbalance
  4. ) Electrolyte imbalance
  5. ) Autonomic nervous system imbalance
  6. ) Hypothermia
35
Q

Cardiac Arrest Signs

A
  1. ) Weak or absent heart sounds or pulse
  2. ) Poor capillary refill time
  3. ) Cyanosis
  4. ) Increased respiratory rate, abnormal pattern, or apnea
  5. ) Dilated pupils, cold skin, and/or loss of consciousness
36
Q

Cardiac Arrest Treatment

A
  1. ) Cease all further administration of immobilizing drugs
  2. ) Be sure animal can breathe
  3. ) Begin external cardiac massage
  4. ) Inject epinephrine IV or IC
37
Q

Dehydration

A

Reduction of the body’s water content

38
Q

Dehydration Causes

A
  1. ) Decreased water intake
  2. ) Hyperthermia
  3. ) Fever
  4. ) Chronic vomiting or diarrhea
  5. ) Wound drainage
  6. ) Polyuria (excessive urination)
39
Q

Dehydration Signs

A
  1. ) Skin lacks pliability
  2. ) Mouth and gums are dry and tacky
  3. ) Weak pulse
  4. ) Depressed sensorium
  5. ) Signs of shock
40
Q

Dehydration Treatment

A
  1. ) Cease all further administration of immobilizing drugs
  2. ) Determine the volume deficit
  3. ) Administer fluids

Wildlife Chemical Immobilization (1 decks)

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