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Summer Course II > Animal imaging > Flashcards

Animal imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of preclinical animal imaging? (4)

A
  1. Non-invasive monitoring
  2. Longitudinal imaging possible
  3. Reduction in animal use
  4. Translational research: imaging techniques can be taken to the clinic
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2
Q

What pathogen aspects can be imaged in animals? (3)

A
  1. Identification/location of pathogens within the body
  2. Spread of pathogens throughout the body
  3. Interaction between pathogens and host cells/tissues
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3
Q

What host aspects can be imaged in animals? (3)

A
  1. Immune cell migration and behaviour
  2. Immune response to infection
  3. Inflammatory processes & disease progression in real-time
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4
Q

Which types of signal can be used for animal imaging? (4)

A
  1. Light
  2. Sound
  3. Magnetism
  4. Radiation
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5
Q

Which imaging modality makes use of light?

A

Optical imaging

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6
Q

Which imaging modalities make use of sound? (2)

A
  1. Ultrasound
  2. Opto-acoustic imaging (+light)
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7
Q

Which imaging modalities make use of magnetism?

A

MRI

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8
Q

Which imaging modalities make use of radiation? (3)

A
  1. PET
  2. SPECT
  3. CT/micro-CT
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9
Q

Which imaging modalities can be combined with PET or SPECT? (3)

A
  1. CT
  2. MRI
  3. Optical imaging (PET-SPECT-optical)
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10
Q

What are the three main challenges in animal imaging?

A
  1. Small size of animals requires high resolution
  2. Sensitivity for accumulation of tracers at certain locations
  3. Animal movement
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11
Q

How can the challenge of animal movement be solved? Which problems does this bring?

A

Using anaesthetics, which might have effects on animal physiology

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12
Q

What are the four main steps of animal imaging experiments?

A
  1. Preperation
  2. Execution
  3. Analysis
  4. Reproting
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13
Q

What are the main preperation steps for animal imaging experiments?

A
  1. Picking the right animal model
  2. Tracer/contrast selection
  3. Experimental set-up
  4. Quality control
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14
Q

What are the main steps in the execution of animal imaging experiments?

A
  1. Animal handling and monitoring
  2. Scanning/measuring parameters
  3. Picking the desired parameters
  4. Equipment calibration
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15
Q

What are the important steps in the analysis of animal imaging experiments? (4)

A
  1. Segmentation -> identifiying the part you are interested in
  2. Data storage
  3. Image processing
  4. Calculation & identification
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16
Q

What are important characteristics to report on when conducting animal imaging experiments? (4)

A
  1. Animal handling
  2. Scan parameters
  3. Adherence to guidelines
  4. Quality control/calibration
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17
Q

What is the basic principle of MRI?

A

Excitation of hydrogen atoms through a magnetic field, causing them to emit radio waves that can be detected

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18
Q

Which tissues particularly show up on MRI?

A

Tissues containing a lot of water

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19
Q

Which possibilities, additional to anatomical imaging, does MRI offer? (2)

A
  1. In vivo tracking of cells with probes
  2. fMRI
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20
Q

Which two types of MRI probes are available? What type of signal do they give (high/low)

A
  1. Paramagnetic gadolinium chelates = high signal
  2. Supermagnetic iron oxide particles = low signal
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21
Q

What can fMRI be used for?

A

Imaging of neuron tracts or blood vessels

22
Q

What is the basic principle of ultrasound?

A

Reflection of high-resolution sound waves, with a different reflection for each tissue type

23
Q

Which contrast agents can be used in ultrasound imaging? What do these show?

A

Microbubbles filled with gas -> shows vessels and structures adjacent to vessels

24
Q

What is photoacoustic imaging?

A

Tissues are illuminated with laser light, causing emission of ultrasound waves

25
Q

Which two characteristics are combined in photoacoustic imaging?

A
  1. High contrast of optical imaging
  2. Spatial resolution & penetration depth of ultrasound
26
Q

What is a frequent use case of optoacoustic imaging?

A

Monitoring of tissue oxygen saturation

27
Q

What is nuclear imaging? Which two modalities are available?

A

Use of radioactive markers to show metabollically active areas or certain cell types
1. SPECT
2. PET

28
Q

What is SPECT? What is the principle?

A

Single-photon emission computed tomography; use of γ-radioactive imaging agents that can show the location of the target

29
Q

What is PET? What is the principle?

A

Positron emission tomography; use of β-radioactive imaging agents -> when β-particles collide with electrons, they emit γ-radiation, which can be detected

30
Q

Which two types of information can be obtained through nuclear imaging?

A
  1. Targeted cell imaging -> shows location of certain cell types
  2. Non-targeted labelling -> shows metabolic activity of certain sites
31
Q

How does nuclear imaging target specific cell types?

A

Radioactive tracers against specific cellular receptors

32
Q

What is a commonly used lable to show metabolic activity?

A

Radioactive sugars -> accumulate at metabollicaly active sites

33
Q

Which imaging modalities are preferred for anatomical/physiological imaging? (3)

A
  1. MRI
  2. CT
  3. Ultrasound
34
Q

Which imaging modalities are preferred for molecular/physiological imaging? (2)

A
  1. PET
  2. SPECT
35
Q

Which imaging modality is preferred for molecular imaging?

A

Optical imaging

36
Q

Which imaging modalities have the highest sensitivity potential?

A
  1. PET
  2. Optical
37
Q

Which imaging modalities have the lowest sensitivity potential?

A
  1. MRI
  2. CT
38
Q

Why is multimodal imaging advantageous?

A

Can give complementary information

39
Q

What is a fluorochrome?

A

A molecule that can be excited with a specific laser, causing emission at a specific frequency

40
Q

What is bioluminescence/chemiluninescence?

A

Enzymes that perform chemical reactions that emit light

41
Q

Shorter wavelenghts have [lower/higher penetration, and are therefore preferred for [superficial/deep structures]

A

Shorter wavelenghts = lower penetration -> beter for superficial imaging

42
Q

What are smart probes?

A

Probes with quenched fluorochtomes that become activated by enzymatic cleavage at specific locations

43
Q

What are targeted probes?

A

Probes that bind to a specific location due to the presence of their target

44
Q

For which two image types can the IVIS Spectrum be used?

A
  1. 2D tomography
  2. 3D tomography
45
Q

How long does scanning of animals using the IVIS Spectrum take?

A

Milliseconds to a minute

46
Q

How is the IVIS Spectrum scan time detrmined? What is the disadvantage of this?

A

Machine determines the necessary time based on the strongest signal
Disadvantage: can lead to drowning out of weaker signals due to short scan times

47
Q

Which compound is often used to anaesthesize animals?

A

Isoflurane

48
Q

What is a frequently used control of animal experiments?

A

Animals forming their own control -> imaging the animals at multiple timepoints

49
Q

Sensitivity of 3D imaging is [lower/higher] than 2D imaging

A

Lower

50
Q

What is the advantage of microCT in animal imaging?

A

Is able to perform respiratory & cardiac gating, reducing motion artifacts

Summer Course II (4 decks)

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