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Summer Course II > Animal imaging > Flashcards

Animal imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of preclinical animal imaging? (4)

A
  1. Non-invasive monitoring
  2. Longitudinal imaging possible
  3. Reduction in animal use
  4. Translational research: imaging techniques can be taken to the clinic
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2
Q

What pathogen aspects can be imaged in animals? (3)

A
  1. Identification/location of pathogens within the body
  2. Spread of pathogens throughout the body
  3. Interaction between pathogens and host cells/tissues
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3
Q

What host aspects can be imaged in animals? (3)

A
  1. Immune cell migration and behaviour
  2. Immune response to infection
  3. Inflammatory processes & disease progression in real-time
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4
Q

Which types of signal can be used for animal imaging? (4)

A
  1. Light
  2. Sound
  3. Magnetism
  4. Radiation
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5
Q

Which imaging modality makes use of light?

A

Optical imaging

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6
Q

Which imaging modalities make use of sound? (2)

A
  1. Ultrasound
  2. Opto-acoustic imaging (+light)
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7
Q

Which imaging modalities make use of magnetism?

A

MRI

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8
Q

Which imaging modalities make use of radiation? (3)

A
  1. PET
  2. SPECT
  3. CT/micro-CT
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9
Q

Which imaging modalities can be combined with PET or SPECT? (3)

A
  1. CT
  2. MRI
  3. Optical imaging (PET-SPECT-optical)
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10
Q

What are the three main challenges in animal imaging?

A
  1. Small size of animals requires high resolution
  2. Sensitivity for accumulation of tracers at certain locations
  3. Animal movement
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11
Q

How can the challenge of animal movement be solved? Which problems does this bring?

A

Using anaesthetics, which might have effects on animal physiology

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12
Q

What are the four main steps of animal imaging experiments?

A
  1. Preperation
  2. Execution
  3. Analysis
  4. Reproting
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13
Q

What are the main preperation steps for animal imaging experiments?

A
  1. Picking the right animal model
  2. Tracer/contrast selection
  3. Experimental set-up
  4. Quality control
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14
Q

What are the main steps in the execution of animal imaging experiments?

A
  1. Animal handling and monitoring
  2. Scanning/measuring parameters
  3. Picking the desired parameters
  4. Equipment calibration
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15
Q

What are the important steps in the analysis of animal imaging experiments? (4)

A
  1. Segmentation -> identifiying the part you are interested in
  2. Data storage
  3. Image processing
  4. Calculation & identification
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16
Q

What are important characteristics to report on when conducting animal imaging experiments? (4)

A
  1. Animal handling
  2. Scan parameters
  3. Adherence to guidelines
  4. Quality control/calibration
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17
Q

What is the basic principle of MRI?

A

Excitation of hydrogen atoms through a magnetic field, causing them to emit radio waves that can be detected

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18
Q

Which tissues particularly show up on MRI?

A

Tissues containing a lot of water

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19
Q

Which possibilities, additional to anatomical imaging, does MRI offer? (2)

A
  1. In vivo tracking of cells with probes
  2. fMRI
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20
Q

Which two types of MRI probes are available? What type of signal do they give (high/low)

A
  1. Paramagnetic gadolinium chelates = high signal
  2. Supermagnetic iron oxide particles = low signal
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21
Q

What can fMRI be used for?

A

Imaging of neuron tracts or blood vessels

22
Q

What is the basic principle of ultrasound?

A

Reflection of high-resolution sound waves, with a different reflection for each tissue type

23
Q

Which contrast agents can be used in ultrasound imaging? What do these show?

A

Microbubbles filled with gas -> shows vessels and structures adjacent to vessels

24
Q

What is photoacoustic imaging?

A

Tissues are illuminated with laser light, causing emission of ultrasound waves

25
Which two characteristics are combined in photoacoustic imaging?
1. High contrast of optical imaging 2. Spatial resolution & penetration depth of ultrasound
26
What is a frequent use case of optoacoustic imaging?
Monitoring of tissue oxygen saturation
27
What is nuclear imaging? Which two modalities are available?
Use of radioactive markers to show metabollically active areas or certain cell types 1. SPECT 2. PET
28
What is SPECT? What is the principle?
Single-photon emission computed tomography; use of γ-radioactive imaging agents that can show the location of the target
29
What is PET? What is the principle?
Positron emission tomography; use of β-radioactive imaging agents -> when β-particles collide with electrons, they emit γ-radiation, which can be detected
30
Which two types of information can be obtained through nuclear imaging?
1. Targeted cell imaging -> shows location of certain cell types 2. Non-targeted labelling -> shows metabolic activity of certain sites
31
How does nuclear imaging target specific cell types?
Radioactive tracers against specific cellular receptors
32
What is a commonly used lable to show metabolic activity?
Radioactive sugars -> accumulate at metabollicaly active sites
33
Which imaging modalities are preferred for anatomical/physiological imaging? (3)
1. MRI 2. CT 3. Ultrasound
34
Which imaging modalities are preferred for molecular/physiological imaging? (2)
1. PET 2. SPECT
35
Which imaging modality is preferred for molecular imaging?
Optical imaging
36
Which imaging modalities have the highest sensitivity potential?
1. PET 2. Optical
37
Which imaging modalities have the lowest sensitivity potential?
1. MRI 2. CT
38
Why is multimodal imaging advantageous?
Can give complementary information
39
What is a fluorochrome?
A molecule that can be excited with a specific laser, causing emission at a specific frequency
40
What is bioluminescence/chemiluninescence?
Enzymes that perform chemical reactions that emit light
41
Shorter wavelenghts have [lower/higher penetration, and are therefore preferred for [superficial/deep structures]
Shorter wavelenghts = lower penetration -> beter for superficial imaging
42
What are smart probes?
Probes with quenched fluorochtomes that become activated by enzymatic cleavage at specific locations
43
What are targeted probes?
Probes that bind to a specific location due to the presence of their target
44
For which two image types can the IVIS Spectrum be used?
1. 2D tomography 2. 3D tomography
45
How long does scanning of animals using the IVIS Spectrum take?
Milliseconds to a minute
46
How is the IVIS Spectrum scan time detrmined? What is the disadvantage of this?
Machine determines the necessary time based on the strongest signal Disadvantage: can lead to drowning out of weaker signals due to short scan times
47
Which compound is often used to anaesthesize animals?
Isoflurane
48
What is a frequently used control of animal experiments?
Animals forming their own control -> imaging the animals at multiple timepoints
49
Sensitivity of 3D imaging is [lower/higher] than 2D imaging
Lower
50
What is the advantage of microCT in animal imaging?
Is able to perform respiratory & cardiac gating, reducing motion artifacts

Summer Course II (4 decks)

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