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Component 3 Part 1 Eduqas Biology A Level > Animal Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Animal Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five main features of a gas exchange system?

A

Large surface area, maintains a concentration gradient, thin for a short diffusion distance, moist and permeable

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2
Q

How does a mammals gas exchange system have a large surface area?

A

There are a large number of alveoli with folded walls. The surface area of a humans gas exchange system is the size of a tennis court

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3
Q

How has the gas exchange system of an insect got a large surface area

A

Large number of tracheoles

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4
Q

How has the gas exchange system of fish got a large surface area?

A

A large number of Gill plates

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5
Q

How does the gas exchange system of a mammal maintain a concentration gradient?

A

There is a large network of blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli that takes away oxygenated blood and brings deoxygenated blood to the alveoli. oxygenated blood is transported to the heart be pumped around the body. There is a ventilation system that brings oxygen and takes away carbon dioxide. Oxygenated air is inhaled and deoxygenated air is exhaled by the movement of the ribs and diaphragm muscle

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6
Q

How is the gas exchange system of a mammal moist

A

The alveoli are moist to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to dissolve and diffuse across membranes

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7
Q

How is the gas exchange system of a mammal thin for a short diffusion system?

A

The alveoli are just one cell thick and made of squamous epithelial cells. They’re surrounded by capillaries with one cell thick walls so the overall diffusion distance is only two cells thick

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8
Q

How is the gas exchange system of any animal permeable?

A

The cell membranes of the exchange surfaces are permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What are some other features of a mammalian gas exchange system?

A

Surfactant is used in the forming of hydrogen bonds in alveoli. The circulatory system and gas exchange system are linked. Haemoglobin is used as a respiratory pigment

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10
Q

How is the gas exchange system of an insect moist?

A

The end of the tracheoles contain water to allow gases to dissolve and diffuse into the cell.

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11
Q

How is the gas exchange system of an insect thin for a short diffusion distance?

A

Respiratory gases are delivered directly to the cells by the tracheal system. Gas exchange distance is consequently only two cells thick

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12
Q

What are some other features of an insect gas exchange system?

A

The gas exchange system and circulatory system are not linked. Respiratory gases are taking directly to cells . no haemoglobin. The spiracles can be closed to reduce water loss. There are air sacs that can store air for times of increased activity.

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13
Q

How does an insect gas exchange system maintain a concentration gradient?

A

A ventilation system is in place whereby oxygenated air is inhaled and deoxygenated air is exhaled via the opening and closing of spiracles and the contraction and relaxation of the abdomen. The respiratory system links directly to cells.

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14
Q

What are some other features of a fish gas exchange system?

A

The circulatory system and gas exchange system are linked. Haemoglobin is used as a respiratory pigment to transport oxygen in the blood. Gills are internal allowing for ventilation. Bony fish have a countercurrent mechanism and cartilaginous fish have a less efficient parallel flow system.

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15
Q

How is the gas exchange system of a fish moist? What happens if it’s not?

A

The aquatic environment means the exchange system is always moist. If removed from water the girls filament stick together reducing the surface area.

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16
Q

How is the gas exchange system of a fish thin for a short diffusion distance?

A

Each Gill plate is one cell thick and is surrounded by capillaries. Gas exchange distance is therefore two cells thick

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17
Q

How does the gas exchange system of a fish maintain a concentration gradient?

A

A ventilation system is in place, where by oxygenated water is inhaled through the mouth, forced over the Gill and exhaled through the opercular flap. Each Gill plate is surrounded by large network of capillaries so oxygenated blood is pumped and transported around the body. Bony fish have a countercurrent flow mechanism.

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18
Q

Give an example of of a unicellular organism

A

Amoeba

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19
Q

What are the adaptations to increase the surface area to volume ratio in amoeba?

A

The organism is very small so there is a large surface area to volume ratio. The cell membrane is thin so the diffusion into the cell is rapid and diffusion distances inside the cell are short.

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20
Q

What are the adaptations to increase surface area to volume ratio in a flatworm?

A

There is a large surface area to volume ratio due to the flat shape. the flat shape of the organism means there is a short diffusion pathway

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21
Q

What are the adaptations to increase surface area to volume ratio in an earthworm ?

A

The organism is cylindrical and elongated so there is a relatively large surface area to volume ratio.

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22
Q

What other adaptations does an earthworm have to maximise gas exchange?

A

The organism secretes mucus to keep the respiratory surface, the skin, moist as simple diffusion is not enough due to diffusion distance being more than one cell thick.

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23
Q

What is the method of delivery of oxygen each cell in amoeba?

A

Simple diffusion across the membrane of the cell into cytoplasm

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24
Q

What is the method of delivery of oxygen and each cell in a flatworm?

A

Simple diffusion

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25
Q

What is the method of delivery of oxygen to each cell in an earthworm? What happens?

A

Simple diffusion. Oxygen diffuses across the skin to the blood capillaries beneath. Haemoglobin carries the oxygen away, maintaining concentration gradient, in a closed circulation system.

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26
Q

What is the habitat of amoeba and how is gas exchanged here?

A

Amoeba live in Freshwater ponds where there is a low low oxygen concentration due to the water being stagnant. Dissolved oxygen fully diffuses across the cell membrane.

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27
Q

What is the habitat of flatworms and how do their adaptations aid in gas exchange in these environments?

A

They are mostly aquatic in fresh or saltwater. Dissolved oxygen freely diffuses across the cell membrane . large and more active flatworms have basic Gills.

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28
Q

What is the habitat of earthworms and how do their adaptations aid in gas exchange in these environments?

A

They live in soil, allowing their skin to be kept moist. The soil is damp so oxygen dissolves and diffuses across the body surface. They don’t require much oxygen as they are slow moving and have a low metabolic rate.

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29
Q

What does it mean for an organism to be terrestrial?

A

The organism lives on land

30
Q

What impact does being terrestrial have on an organisms gas exchange?

A

In order to survive on land, organisms need to conserve water and therefore their gas exchange systems need to be retained in the body to prevent heat and water loss.

31
Q

Are reptiles terrestrial or aquatic

A

Terrestrial

32
Q

Give an example of an amphibian

A

Frog. It is terrestrial and Aquatic

33
Q

Describe the gas exchange surface of an amphibian creature

A

They use their skin which is moist and permeable and has a capillary network just below the surface. Adult amphibians use lungs for example frogs when they are active and their skin at rest. larvae tend to live in the water and have Gills. Amphibian exchange surfaces undergo metamorphosis…??

34
Q

What is the gas exchange surface and system of reptiles

A

They lungs with a complex internal structure to increase surface area for gas exchange and an in-out bellows-like arrangement. The movement of ribs aides in the ventilation of the lungs.

35
Q

What is the gas exchange system and surface like for terrestrial animals? For example Birds

A

They have lungs which process large volumes of oxygen especially useful in flight which requires so much energy. Birds don’t have a diaphragm but their ribs and flight muscles ventilate their lungs more efficiently than the methods used by other vertebrates. They also have air sacs which act as bellows. When the bird breathes in any air that remains in the lungs from the last breath get sucked into the air sacs meaning the lungs always filled with fresh air

36
Q

What are the segments of an insects body?

A

Head, thorax abdomen

37
Q

What is the respiratory system in insects called

A

The tracheal system. It involves the diffusion of oxygen directly from the atmosphere into the air-filled sacs and tubes

38
Q

Where are the spiracles on a grasshopper and how many are there?

A

There are 10 pairs in total. 2 pairs are thoracic and 8 pairs are abdominal.

39
Q

Describe the spiracles on an insect

A

There are fine hairs to keep foreign particles and pathogens out of the spiracles. There are also valves that function to open or close the spiracles as required.

40
Q

What is the lateral tracheal trunk?

A

The spiracles open into long tubes called the lateral tracheal trunk that link to air sacs and tracheoles.

41
Q

What are tracheae ?

A

Fine Tubes that have a wall of single layered epithelial cells. The cells secrete spiral cuticular thickenings around the tube that gives support to the tube. The tracheal tubes branch further into finer tracheoles.

42
Q

What are tracheoles

A

Small Tubes that enter the tissue in insects and sometimes even the cells. The ends of the tracheoles are in the tissue and are filled up liquid and lack cuticular thickenings.

43
Q

Describe inspiration in locusts (or large insects?)

A

The thoracic ( front) spiracles open and the abdominal (back) spiracles close. The abdomen expands causing the volume of the abdomen to increase and the pressure decrease below atmospheric pressure. Therefore air is sucked into the open spiracle.

44
Q

Describe expiration in locusts (or large insects?)

A

The thoracic ( front) spiracles close and the abdominal (back) spiracles open. The abdomen compresses causing the volume of the abdomen to decrease and the pressure to increase above atmospheric pressure. Therefore air moves out of the open spiracle.

45
Q

Through what do insects exchange air ?

A

Spiracles

46
Q

What do air sacs do in an insect ventilation system?

A

They are reservoir for air which can be emptied at a high metabolic rate for example when flying or jumping. The air sacs are compressible which makes the amount of air which can be exchanged each cycle larger.

47
Q

What does spiracles do in dry conditions

A

They close to reduce water loss as they are valved.

48
Q

What are the advantages of the ventilation system in insects

A

Oxygen gets to cells quicker as gas exchange system is not linked to the circulatory system. No haemoglobin is required

49
Q

What is a disadvantage of the ventilation system in insects

A

The size is limited as every cell needs to be near tracheoles

50
Q

What happens in parallel flow in fish?

A

Water and blood flow in same direction. At the start of the Gill plate, the deoxygenated blood is meeting oxygenated water and there is a steep concentration gradient between the two areas. oxygen diffuses into the blood. however halfway across the Gill plate the saturation of oxygen in the blood and the water reaches equilibrium so the blood leaving the gill plate is about 50% saturated. Therefore this is a less efficient system.

51
Q

What is countercurrent flow in fish?

A

Water and blood flow in opposite directions along the Gill plate. Blood is always meeting water with a slightly higher percentage oxygen saturation . this means that there is a diffusion gradient maintained across the whole of the Gill plate. Blood leaves the gil about 95% saturated with oxygen and so this is a more efficient system.

52
Q

Describe the ventilation mechanisms in large insects

A

They can create a one way flow through their major tracheae. Air flows in through the thoracic and front 2 abdominal spiracles. These are the front 4 spiracles. Air flows out through the remaining abdominal spiracles.

53
Q

How is air moved in insects?

A

It’s moved by the contraction and relaxation of muscles in the abdomen, which change the size of the abdomen and cause pressure changes.

54
Q

How is chitin involved in the ventilation system of an insect?

A

The tracheae are line with a thin strip of chitin which provides strength to prevent them collapsing

55
Q

What are the gas exchange organs in a fish called

A

Gills. Fish have several gills

56
Q

Where are gills located in a fish?

A

Between the mouth cavity (buccal cavity) and chamber at the sides of their mouth called the operculum.

57
Q

How do tracheoles compare to capillaries ?

A

Tracheoles are narrower

58
Q

How does a fish inhale ?

A

The mouth opens and the operculum (gill cover/valve) closes. The floor of the mouth cavity is lowered and the volume of the mouth cavity increases and the pressure Falls. Water is pulled inwards down the pressure gradient.

59
Q

How does a fish exhale?

A

The mouth clothes and the floor of the mouth cavity is raised. The volume of the mouth cavity decreases and the pressure increases. Water flows across the gills and the operculum is forced to open.

60
Q

What takes place at the Gills?

A

Oxygen passes from the water into the blood and removal of carbon dioxide also happens. The blood containing high concentrations of the waste gas goes to the gills and the carbon dioxide diffuses out into the water down a diffusion gradient.

61
Q

Give features of an amphibians gas exchange system

A

Amphibians tend to to have external Gills and cannot ventilate the exchange surface as a result.

62
Q

How does an amphibian organism deal with not been able to ventilate the exchange surface?

A

Move to an area of stronger current to get more oxygen and have a low basal metabolic rate and are slow moving

63
Q

What sort of aquatic organisms has internal Gills?

A

Fish or invertebrates EG crabs

64
Q

What is the benefit of internal Gills?

A

The organism can ventilate the Gills to supply more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide. This means they can have a higher basal metabolic rate than the same size amphibian.

65
Q

What Organisms have internal Gills?

A

cartilaginous and bony fish

66
Q

Give an example of a cartilaginous fish. What is the ventilation system used by this type of fish?

A

Sharks

Parallel flow

67
Q

Give an example of a bony fish. What is the ventilation system used by this type of fish?

A

Tuna. Countercurrent flow which means the fish can have a higher concentration gradient , extract more oxygen and therefore have a higher metabolic rate.

68
Q

What is the structure of a gill?

A

Each Gill is composed of two rows of filaments, increasing the surface area. Each gill has many filaments which are each covered in many tissue flaps called Gill lamellae / plates. The two rows of filaments are on a gill arch (‘with bony bar’….?)

69
Q

What is the structure and purpose of gill plates / lamellae ?

A

These plates further increase the surface area and because they are thin, ensure that the diffusion distance between the blood in the the plate and the water is small. The Gill plates contain capillaries and are 1 cell thick of epithelial cells.

70
Q

How does water compared to air? In terms of ventilation Systems

A

Water is denser than air and more viscous making it more difficult to move. Water contains less oxygen - about a 30th of the airs concentration.

71
Q

What happens in countercurrent flow?

A

Blood Flows In the opposite direction to the water across the Gill plate. It ensures the maximum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs across the whole of the Gill plate. It is more efficient than parallel flow because the blood flowing through the gills always meets with water with a higher percentage saturation of oxygen so diffusion is constant

Component 3 Part 1 Eduqas Biology A Level (7 decks)

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