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Animal form function > Animal form function Unit 1 > Flashcards

Animal form function Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Study of the biological form of an organism

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Study of the biological functions an organism performs

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3
Q

How do animals show a correlation between structure and function?

A

Form fits function at all levels of life from molecules to organisms

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4
Q

What are the four critical processes in animal life?

A
  • Obtain energy and material
  • Dispose of waste
  • Exchange gases
  • Interact with the environment
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5
Q

What determines the different animal body plans?

A

The genome

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6
Q

How do size and shape affect animal interaction with the environment?

A

They influence the way an animal exchanges energy and materials

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7
Q

What is the significance of surface area in cellular exchange?

A

Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s surface area

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8
Q

What is the relationship between exchange materials and a cell’s volume?

A

Amount of exchange material is proportional to a cell’s volume

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The ability to perform certain actions depends on an animal’s shape, size, and the _______.

A

environment

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10
Q

What is evolutionary convergence?

A

Different species’ adaptations to a similar environmental challenge

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11
Q

What is the primary role of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities

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12
Q

List the three types of connective tissue fibers.

A
  • Collagenous fibers
  • Elastic fibers
  • Reticular fibers
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13
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Consists of long cells called muscle fibers that contract in response to nerve signals

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14
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
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15
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal

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16
Q

What type of cells are neurons?

A

Nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses

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17
Q

What is the role of glial cells?

A

Help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

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18
Q

What are the four main categories of tissues?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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19
Q

Fill in the blank: The endocrine system releases signaling molecules called _______ into the bloodstream.

A

hormones

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20
Q

True or False: The nervous system transmits information between specific locations quickly.

A

True

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21
Q

What is a regulator in terms of animal physiology?

A

Uses internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

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22
Q

What is a conformer?

A

Allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

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23
Q

What is a feedback system?

A

A process that influences the cause based on the effect

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24
Q

What are regulated variables?

A

Held at or near constant values as a result of changes in other variable

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25
What is the function of connective tissue?
Mainly binds and supports other tissues
26
What is the structure of loose connective tissue?
Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
27
What is the role of adipose tissue?
Stores fat for insulation and fuel
28
What is cartilage?
A strong and flexible support material
29
What is the function of blood?
Composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma
30
What does bone consist of?
Mineralized material that forms the skeleton
31
Fill in the blank: The lining of the small intestine is elaborated with _______ that expand surface area for nutrient absorption.
fingerlike projections
32
What is the significance of interstitial fluid in vertebrates?
Allows for the movement of material into and out of cells
33
What is the role of the muscularis layer in the stomach?
Consists mainly of smooth muscle tissue
34
What is the serosa in the stomach?
A thin layer of connective and epithelial tissue external to the muscularis
35
What are the main functions of the endocrine and nervous systems?
Coordination and control within a body
36
Fill in the blank: A hormone may affect one or more regions throughout the body and is _______ acting.
relatively slow
37
What is the primary difference between regulators and conformers?
Regulators control internal conditions, conformers vary with external changes
38
What is the process involved in maintaining the consistency of a regulated variable?
Feedback system
39
What is the forward path in a feedback system?
Flow of information from university to students
40
What does the feedback path represent in a feedback system?
Flow of response information from students to university
41
How does information in the feedback path influence the forward path?
The effect feeds back to influence the cause
42
What type of feedback eliminates deviation from normal?
Negative feedback
43
What is self-correction in the context of feedback systems?
Elimination of deviation from normal
44
What type of feedback strengthens deviation?
Positive feedback
45
What is the term for the regulation and control associated with maintaining homeostasis?
Homeostasis
46
What does homeostasis refer to?
Constant or near constant state
47
Which two Greek words derive the term 'homeostasis'?
* Homeo (similar to) * Stasis (standing still)
48
How do organisms use homeostasis?
To maintain a steady state or internal balance regardless of external environment
49
What physiological variables are maintained at a constant level in humans?
* Body temperature * Blood pH * Glucose concentration
50
What triggers a response in the homeostasis mechanism?
Fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus
51
What is the response when the room temperature is detected as too hot?
Heater turned off
52
What is acclimatization in the context of homeostasis?
Adjustment to changes in the external environment
53
What is thermoregulation?
The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
54
How do endothermic animals generate heat?
By metabolism
55
How do ectothermic animals gain heat?
From external sources
56
What is the key difference in temperature tolerance between ectotherms and endotherms?
Ectotherms tolerate greater variation in internal temperature; endotherms are active at a greater range of external temperatures
57
Which is more energetically expensive: endothermy or ectothermy?
Endothermy
58
What are the four physical processes through which organisms exchange heat?
* Conduction * Convection * Radiation * Evaporation
59
What are the five general adaptations that help animals thermoregulate?
* Insulation * Circulatory adaptations * Cooling by evaporative heat loss * Behavioural responses * Adjusting metabolic heat production
60
What is a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds?
Skin, feathers, fur, and blubber
61
What is vasodilation?
Increased blood flow to the skin, facilitating heat loss
62
What is vasoconstriction?
Decreased blood flow to the skin, lowering heat loss
63
What is countercurrent exchange?
Transfers heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions
64
How do many animals lose heat?
Through evaporation of sweat
65
What role does the hypothalamus play in thermoregulation in mammals?
Triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms
66
What is fever in the context of thermoregulation?
A change to the set point for a biological thermostat
67
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) for endotherms?
Animal should be fasting, resting, in thermal neutral zone, non-reproductive, not growing
68
What does standard metabolic rate (SMR) refer to for ectotherms?
Animal should be fasting, resting, non-reproductive
69
What is the relationship between metabolic rate and body size?
The smaller the organism, the higher the relative metabolic rate

Animal form function (1 decks)

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