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MCAT REVIEW!!! > Animal Form And Function > Flashcards

Animal Form And Function Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

….. are groups of cells performing a common function

A

Tissues

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2
Q

What are the four categories of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective,nervous, muscle

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3
Q

… is the tissue for outer skins covering and internal protective covering

A

Epithelial

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4
Q

…. Is tissue of bone cartilage and blood

A

Connective

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5
Q

An….. Is a group of different kinds of tissues functioning together to perform a particular activity

A

Organ

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6
Q

An… Is two or more organs working together the complete a certain task

A

Organ system

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7
Q

In many cases stable conditions are maintained by

A

Negative feedback

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8
Q

The function of many animal systems is to contribute towards

A

Homeostasis

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9
Q

……are animals that obtain their body heat rom the environment

A

Endotherms

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10
Q

Ectotherms are sometimes referred to as

A

Homeothermic

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11
Q

What are three ways that animals can regulate their body temperature

A

Cooling by evaporation, warming by metabolism,adjust it to surface area

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12
Q

The movement of gases in and out of an organism is called…….

A

Respiration

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13
Q

………, occurring in spiders, are stacks of flattened membranes enclosed in an internal chamber

A

Book lungs

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14
Q

The….. Contains the vocal chords

A

Larynx

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15
Q

Open circulatory systems pump blood into an internal cavity called a

A

Hemocoel

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16
Q

Open circulatory systems have a oxygen carrying fluid called

A

Hemolymph

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17
Q

Hemolymph returns fluid to the heart through holes called

A

Ostia

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18
Q

In closed systems fluid moving away from the heart is carried in

A

Arteries

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19
Q

Arteries carry oxygen…… Fluid

A

Rich

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20
Q

Blood return to the heart through

A

Venules

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21
Q

Venules form together to create larger

A

Veins

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22
Q

Begin right Atrium. Deoxygenated blood enters this chamber on the right side of the heart through two veins, the upper…… And the lower……. . Right ventricle. Blood moves through the…. And enters the……. The ventricles, with walls thicker and more muscular than those of the atria, contract and pump blood into the…….,through the….. and towards the lungs. Left Atrium. After the lungs the oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through the….. Left ventricle. Passing through the left….., the blood moves into the….. From here, the muscular left ventricle pumps the blood into the large artery, the……., through the….., and throughout the body.

A

Superior vena cava,inferior vena cava, right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve), right ventricle,pulmonary artery,pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary veins, left AV valve, left ventricle, aorta, aortic semilunar valve

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23
Q

The blood pathway between the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is called the

A

Pulmonary circuit

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24
Q

The circulation pathway throughout the body is the

A

Systematic circuit

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25
Q

The…. Or heart cycle refers to the rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the heart muscles

A

Cardiac

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26
Q

The heart cycle process is regulated by special tissues in the heart called

A

Autorhythmic cells

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27
Q

The…. Or pacemaker, located in the upper wall of the right atrium, spontaneously initiates the cycle by simultaneously contracting both atria and also. Y sending a delayed impulse that stimulates the……

A

SA sinoatrial node, AV atrioventricular valve

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28
Q

The AV node in the lower wall of the right atrium sends an impulse through the……., nodal tissues that passes down between both ventricles and then branches into the ventricles through the…….. This impulse results in the contraction

A

Bundle of HIS, purkunje fibers

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29
Q

Ventricles relax contract during the ….. phase

A

Systole

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30
Q

The ventricles relax during the……phase

A

Diastole

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31
Q

Some intestinal fluids and wastes are returned to the circulatory system by way of the…….

A

Lymphatic system

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32
Q

……., enlarged bodies throughout the lymphatic system, act as cleaning filters and immune response centers that defend against bacteria

A

Lymph nodes

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33
Q

……. Are cell fragments that are involve in blood clotting. They release a major clotting agent called…….. In its active form,……. The threads of it make a net and stop blood flow

A

Platlets, fibrinogen,fibrin

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34
Q

……… Is the liquid portion of the blood that contains various dissolves substances

A

Plasma

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35
Q

……. Is the absorption and excretion of water and dissolved substances so that proper water balance is maintained

A

Osmoregulation

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36
Q

The body of the marine fish is ……. With its environment

A

Hypo osmotic

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37
Q

The fish is less salty than the surrounding water. This makes it

A

Hypo osmotic

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38
Q

The body of the fresh water fish is…

A

Hyper osmotic

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39
Q

When the body’s of the fish is saltier than the environment it is…

A

Hyperosmotic

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40
Q

….. Are found in the cytoplasm so of various protests. Accumulate water and release it to the environment

A

Contractile vacuoles

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41
Q

…. Are found in various Platyhelminthes

A

Flame cells

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42
Q

….. Occur in pairs within each segment of most Annelida such as earthworms. Intentional filing enter a nephridium through a ciliates opening called a…..

A

Nephridium,nephrostome

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43
Q

……occur in many Arthropoda, such as terrestrial insects

A

Malpighian tubles

44
Q

In vertebrae…. Consist of many filtering tubes called……

A

Kidney , nephrons

45
Q

The nephron tube begins with a bulb shaped body at one end, the…… A breach of renal artery enters in the….., branches to form a dense ball of capillaries called the ….., then exits the capsule

A

Bowmans capsule, bowmans capsule, glomerulus

46
Q

The… Is a winding tube that begins with the … At the bowmans capsule and ends with the…. Where it joins with the….. The middle of the tubule, called the ….., is shaped like a hairpin and consists of a descending and ascending limb

A

Convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, loop of henle

47
Q

The distal convoluted tube empties into the ……… …….. Which descends in the same direction as the descending limb towards the center of the kidney. Empties into ……

A

Collecting duct, renal pelvis

48
Q

What three processes happen in the human nephron

A

Filtration,secretion,reabsorption

49
Q

As the filtrate moves down the loop of Henle it becomes more……. As the filtrate moves up the loop of Henle it becomes more……

A

Concentrated, dilute

50
Q

What two hormone influence Osmoregulation

A

Antidiuretic hormone ADH, aldosterone

51
Q

….. Increases the reapportion of water by the body and increases the salt content of the urine. Increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water

A

Anti diuretic hormone ADH

52
Q

…….. Increases the reabsorption of water and the reabsorption of Na+

A

Aldosterone

53
Q

….. Are broken down into glucose molecules

A

Starches

54
Q

…. Are broken down into amino acids

A

Proteins

55
Q

…are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

A

Fats

56
Q

…… Are broken down into nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

57
Q

Muscular contractions of the intestines are called

A

Peristalsis

58
Q

The stomach mixes the food with water and gastric juice to produce a creamy medium called

A

Chyme

59
Q

Proteins are chemically broken down by a protein called…..

A

Pepsin

60
Q

Stomach cells secrete an inactive form of pepsin called……

A

Pepsinogen

61
Q

Movement of the chyme into the small intestine is regulated by a valve at the end of the stomach called the……..

A

Pyloric sphincter

62
Q

The wall of the small intestine is the source of various enzymes, including ……. Enzymes or…. Enzymes that digest proteins, ….and…… For the digestion of disaccharides, and ….. For the digestion of nucleotides

A

Proteolytic,pro teases,Maltese,lactase,phosphatases

63
Q

The pancreas produces….. And…. …… For digestion of fats, and….. For digestion of starch

A

Trypsin,chyme trypsin,lipase, pancreatic amylase

64
Q

The main function of the large intestine or colon is the reabsorption of…… To for, solid feces

A

Water

65
Q

In herbivores the dead end pouch (appendix) is called the …….

A

Cecum

66
Q

What are three important digestion hormones

A

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

67
Q

…… Is produced by cells In The stomach lining when food reaches the stomach or when the nervous system through smell or sight sense food. Increases the amount of gastric juices

A

Gastrin

68
Q

…… Is produced by cells lining the duodenum when food enters. Stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate, which neutralize the acidity of the chyme

A

Secretin

69
Q

……is produced by the small intestine in response to the presence of fasts, stimulates the gall bladder to release bile and the pancreas to release its enzymes

A

Cholecystokinin

70
Q

What are the three main groups of neurons

A

Sensory,motor,association

71
Q

….recieve the initial stimulus. Eye, hand,

A

Sensory

72
Q

The membrane of an unstimulated neuron is…..

The inside is …….

A

Polarized, negative

73
Q

Polarized is established by maintaining an excess of Na+ on the ……. And an excess of K+ on the…..

A

Outside, inside

74
Q

The resting potential is set at…….

A

-70mV

75
Q

When gated ion channels open….. On the ….. Rushes ……the cell

A

Na+ , outside, into

76
Q

Complete depolarizer occurs at……

A

30mV

77
Q

The movement of……. Out of the cell causes repolarized

A

K+

78
Q

Hyper polarization occurs when too much …. Have moved out of the cell

A

K+

79
Q

Some neurons have a ….. Sheath, which consist of a series of….. Cells the encircle the axon

A

Myelin, Schwann cells

80
Q

The Schwann cells act as insulators that are separated by……

A

Nodes of ranvier

81
Q

A …… Is the gap that separates adjacent neurons

A

Synapse

82
Q

…… Is commonly secreted at neuromuscular junctions. Stimulates muscle contraction. Usually acts as an inhibitor though

A

Acetylcholine

83
Q

….. Is us usually an inhibitory neurotransmitter among neurons in the brain

A

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

84
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons that transmit impulses….the CNS and motor neurons that transmit impulses …..the CNS

A

To,from

85
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of what two systems

A

Somatic and autonomic

86
Q

The …..nervous system directs the contraction of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

87
Q

The…..nervous system controls the activities of organs and various involuntary muscles such as cardiac and smooth muscles.

A

Autonomic

88
Q

The autonomic system is divided into what two systems

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

89
Q

The…. Nervous system activates tranquil functions. Slows you down

A

Parasympathetic

90
Q

The …or plasma membrane of the muscle cell is highly invaginate do with…..

A

Sarcolemma, transverse tubules

91
Q

The… Or cytoplasm of the muscle cell, contains calcium storing…… The specialized endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum

92
Q

Nearly the entire volume of the muscle cell is filled with numerous long….

A

Myofibrils

93
Q

Myofibrils consist of….. and….. filaments

A

Thick and thin

94
Q

….. myofibril filaments consists of two strands of globular protein actin.

A

Thin

95
Q

…..myofibril filaments consist of groups of filamentous protein called…..

A

Thick, myosin

96
Q

Muscle contraction is described by the….. Model

A

Sliding filament

97
Q

Histamine is secreted by…..

A

Basophils

98
Q

…..is the dilution of blood vessels, it is stimulated by histamine

A

Vasodilation

99
Q

Hormones may be….., ……., or ………..

A

Steroids,peptides,modified amino acids

100
Q

Actions by the ….. cells link the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Neurosecretory

101
Q

Posterior pituitary . Two hormones,….. and….. are produced by nerurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus and are stored in the posterior pituitary and released as needed

A

ADH antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin

102
Q

Anterior pituitary . Releases tropic hormones. Targets other….. glands

A

Endocrine

103
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

Insulin

104
Q

Alpha cells

A

Glucagon

105
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin, kidneys and mammary glands, increases reabsorption of water and stimulates the release of milk

106
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

TSH thyroid stimulating and ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone and FSH follicle stimulating hormone and LH lutenizing hormone, thyroid and adrenal cortex and ovaries/testes and ovaries/testes, secretion of T4 and T3 secretion of glucocorticoids and regulates oogenesis

MCAT REVIEW!!! (2 decks)

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