Animal Form And Function Flashcards by Mykia Lee

….. are groups of cells performing a common function

Tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four categories of tissues

Epithelial, connective,nervous, muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

… is the tissue for outer skins covering and internal protective covering

Epithelial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

…. Is tissue of bone cartilage and blood

Connective

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An….. Is a group of different kinds of tissues functioning together to perform a particular activity

Organ

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An… Is two or more organs working together the complete a certain task

Organ system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In many cases stable conditions are maintained by

Negative feedback

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The function of many animal systems is to contribute towards

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

……are animals that obtain their body heat rom the environment

Endotherms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ectotherms are sometimes referred to as

Homeothermic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are three ways that animals can regulate their body temperature

Cooling by evaporation, warming by metabolism,adjust it to surface area

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The movement of gases in and out of an organism is called…….

Respiration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

………, occurring in spiders, are stacks of flattened membranes enclosed in an internal chamber

Book lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The….. Contains the vocal chords

Larynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Open circulatory systems pump blood into an internal cavity called a

Hemocoel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Open circulatory systems have a oxygen carrying fluid called

Hemolymph

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hemolymph returns fluid to the heart through holes called

Ostia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In closed systems fluid moving away from the heart is carried in

Arteries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Arteries carry oxygen…… Fluid

Rich

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood return to the heart through

Venules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Venules form together to create larger

Veins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Begin right Atrium. Deoxygenated blood enters this chamber on the right side of the heart through two veins, the upper…… And the lower……. . Right ventricle. Blood moves through the…. And enters the……. The ventricles, with walls thicker and more muscular than those of the atria, contract and pump blood into the…….,through the….. and towards the lungs. Left Atrium. After the lungs the oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through the….. Left ventricle. Passing through the left….., the blood moves into the….. From here, the muscular left ventricle pumps the blood into the large artery, the……., through the….., and throughout the body.

Superior vena cava,inferior vena cava, right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve), right ventricle,pulmonary artery,pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary veins, left AV valve, left ventricle, aorta, aortic semilunar valve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The blood pathway between the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is called the

Pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The circulation pathway throughout the body is the

Systematic circuit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The.... Or heart cycle refers to the rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the heart muscles

Cardiac

The heart cycle process is regulated by special tissues in the heart called

Autorhythmic cells

The.... Or pacemaker, located in the upper wall of the right atrium, spontaneously initiates the cycle by simultaneously contracting both atria and also. Y sending a delayed impulse that stimulates the......

SA sinoatrial node, AV atrioventricular valve

The AV node in the lower wall of the right atrium sends an impulse through the......., nodal tissues that passes down between both ventricles and then branches into the ventricles through the........ This impulse results in the contraction

Bundle of HIS, purkunje fibers

Ventricles relax contract during the ..... phase

Systole

The ventricles relax during the......phase

Diastole

Some intestinal fluids and wastes are returned to the circulatory system by way of the.......

Lymphatic system

......., enlarged bodies throughout the lymphatic system, act as cleaning filters and immune response centers that defend against bacteria

Lymph nodes

....... Are cell fragments that are involve in blood clotting. They release a major clotting agent called........ In its active form,....... The threads of it make a net and stop blood flow

Platlets, fibrinogen,fibrin

......... Is the liquid portion of the blood that contains various dissolves substances

Plasma

....... Is the absorption and excretion of water and dissolved substances so that proper water balance is maintained

Osmoregulation

The body of the marine fish is ....... With its environment

Hypo osmotic

The fish is less salty than the surrounding water. This makes it

Hypo osmotic

The body of the fresh water fish is...

Hyper osmotic

When the body's of the fish is saltier than the environment it is...

Hyperosmotic

..... Are found in the cytoplasm so of various protests. Accumulate water and release it to the environment

Contractile vacuoles

.... Are found in various Platyhelminthes

Flame cells

..... Occur in pairs within each segment of most Annelida such as earthworms. Intentional filing enter a nephridium through a ciliates opening called a.....

Nephridium,nephrostome

......occur in many Arthropoda, such as terrestrial insects

Malpighian tubles

In vertebrae.... Consist of many filtering tubes called......

Kidney , nephrons

The nephron tube begins with a bulb shaped body at one end, the...... A breach of renal artery enters in the....., branches to form a dense ball of capillaries called the ....., then exits the capsule

Bowmans capsule, bowmans capsule, glomerulus

The... Is a winding tube that begins with the ... At the bowmans capsule and ends with the.... Where it joins with the..... The middle of the tubule, called the ....., is shaped like a hairpin and consists of a descending and ascending limb

Convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, loop of henle

The distal convoluted tube empties into the ......... ........ Which descends in the same direction as the descending limb towards the center of the kidney. Empties into ......

Collecting duct, renal pelvis

What three processes happen in the human nephron

Filtration,secretion,reabsorption

As the filtrate moves down the loop of Henle it becomes more....... As the filtrate moves up the loop of Henle it becomes more......

Concentrated, dilute

What two hormone influence Osmoregulation

Antidiuretic hormone ADH, aldosterone

..... Increases the reapportion of water by the body and increases the salt content of the urine. Increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water

Anti diuretic hormone ADH

........ Increases the reabsorption of water and the reabsorption of Na+

Aldosterone

..... Are broken down into glucose molecules

Starches

.... Are broken down into amino acids

Proteins

...are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

Fats

...... Are broken down into nucleotides

Nucleic acids

Muscular contractions of the intestines are called

Peristalsis

The stomach mixes the food with water and gastric juice to produce a creamy medium called

Chyme

Proteins are chemically broken down by a protein called.....

Pepsin

Stomach cells secrete an inactive form of pepsin called......

Pepsinogen

Movement of the chyme into the small intestine is regulated by a valve at the end of the stomach called the........

Pyloric sphincter

The wall of the small intestine is the source of various enzymes, including ....... Enzymes or.... Enzymes that digest proteins, ....and...... For the digestion of disaccharides, and ..... For the digestion of nucleotides

Proteolytic,pro teases,Maltese,lactase,phosphatases

The pancreas produces..... And.... ...... For digestion of fats, and..... For digestion of starch

Trypsin,chyme trypsin,lipase, pancreatic amylase

The main function of the large intestine or colon is the reabsorption of...... To for, solid feces

Water

In herbivores the dead end pouch (appendix) is called the .......

Cecum

What are three important digestion hormones

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

...... Is produced by cells In The stomach lining when food reaches the stomach or when the nervous system through smell or sight sense food. Increases the amount of gastric juices

Gastrin

...... Is produced by cells lining the duodenum when food enters. Stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate, which neutralize the acidity of the chyme

Secretin

......is produced by the small intestine in response to the presence of fasts, stimulates the gall bladder to release bile and the pancreas to release its enzymes

Cholecystokinin

What are the three main groups of neurons

Sensory,motor,association

....recieve the initial stimulus. Eye, hand,

Sensory

The membrane of an unstimulated neuron is..... | The inside is .......

Polarized, negative

Polarized is established by maintaining an excess of Na+ on the ....... And an excess of K+ on the.....

Outside, inside

The resting potential is set at.......

-70mV

When gated ion channels open..... On the ..... Rushes ......the cell

Na+ , outside, into

Complete depolarizer occurs at......

30mV

The movement of....... Out of the cell causes repolarized

K+

Hyper polarization occurs when too much .... Have moved out of the cell

K+

Some neurons have a ..... Sheath, which consist of a series of..... Cells the encircle the axon

Myelin, Schwann cells

The Schwann cells act as insulators that are separated by......

Nodes of ranvier

A ...... Is the gap that separates adjacent neurons

Synapse

...... Is commonly secreted at neuromuscular junctions. Stimulates muscle contraction. Usually acts as an inhibitor though

Acetylcholine

..... Is us usually an inhibitory neurotransmitter among neurons in the brain

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons that transmit impulses....the CNS and motor neurons that transmit impulses .....the CNS

To,from

The peripheral nervous system consists of what two systems

Somatic and autonomic

The .....nervous system directs the contraction of skeletal muscles

Somatic

The.....nervous system controls the activities of organs and various involuntary muscles such as cardiac and smooth muscles.

Autonomic

The autonomic system is divided into what two systems

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

The.... Nervous system activates tranquil functions. Slows you down

Parasympathetic

The ...or plasma membrane of the muscle cell is highly invaginate do with.....

Sarcolemma, transverse tubules

The... Or cytoplasm of the muscle cell, contains calcium storing...... The specialized endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

Sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum

Nearly the entire volume of the muscle cell is filled with numerous long....

Myofibrils

Myofibrils consist of..... and..... filaments

Thick and thin

..... myofibril filaments consists of two strands of globular protein actin.

Thin

.....myofibril filaments consist of groups of filamentous protein called.....

Thick, myosin

Muscle contraction is described by the..... Model

Sliding filament

Histamine is secreted by.....

Basophils

.....is the dilution of blood vessels, it is stimulated by histamine

Vasodilation

Hormones may be....., ......., or ...........

Steroids,peptides,modified amino acids

Actions by the ..... cells link the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Neurosecretory

Posterior pituitary . Two hormones,..... and..... are produced by nerurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus and are stored in the posterior pituitary and released as needed

ADH antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin

Anterior pituitary . Releases tropic hormones. Targets other..... glands

Endocrine

Beta cells secrete

Insulin

Alpha cells

Glucagon

Posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin, kidneys and mammary glands, increases reabsorption of water and stimulates the release of milk

Anterior Pituitary

TSH thyroid stimulating and ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone and FSH follicle stimulating hormone and LH lutenizing hormone, thyroid and adrenal cortex and ovaries/testes and ovaries/testes, secretion of T4 and T3 secretion of glucocorticoids and regulates oogenesis