animal form and function Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the biological form of an organism

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the biological functions an organism performs

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3
Q

Enumerate Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity

A
  1. Protoplasmic grade of organization
  2. Cellular grade of organization
  3. Cell-tissue grade of organization
  4. Tissue-organ grade of organization
  5. Organ-system grade of organization
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4
Q

Protoplasmic grade of organization

A

– unicellular organisms
– all life functions are confined within the boundaries of a
single cell
– protoplasm is the living part of the cells, that contains
organelles (i.e., nucleus) and the cell’s cytoplasm

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5
Q

Cellular grade of organization

A
  • multicellular, each cell has its own role
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6
Q

Cell-tissue grade of organization

A

aggregation of similar cells into definite patterns or layers, thus
becoming a tissue (there are 4 major tissue types we will discuss
later)

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7
Q

Tissue-organ grade of organization

A

An Individual Organ is formed from a variety of tissue

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8
Q

Organ System grade of organization

A

– organs work together to perform some function
– systems are associated with basic body functions

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9
Q

Arrange the following organisms from least to most complex according to organismal complexity grade.
- German Shepherd
- Flatworm
- Bacteria
- Phytoplankton (Algae)
- Cnidarians (Jellyfish)

A

Bacteria
Phytoplankton (Algae)
Flatworm
Cnidarians (Jellyfish)
German Shepherd

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10
Q

Enumerate the four major tissue types

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
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11
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body
  • compact; occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells
  • little intercellular substance
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12
Q

Explain the polarized surfaces of epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissues have apical and basal surface

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13
Q

Apical or free surface

A
  • is exposed to air or fluid
  • structures on free
    surfaces: microvilli,
    cilia, flagella
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14
Q

Basal surface

A
  • where the cells at the
    base of the barrier are
    attached
  • also called basal lamina
    and Basement
    membrane
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15
Q

Enumerate the 3 main types of intercellular links

A
  • tight junctions
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions
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16
Q

Tight junction

A
  • membranes of adjacent cells are fused, forming continuous belts around cells
  • prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of
    epithelial cells
17
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • fasten cells together into
    strong sheets, much like
    rivets
  • reinforced by intermediate
    filaments of keratin
  • hyper-adhesive state allows
    resistance to mechanical
    stress
18
Q

Gap Junction

A

(i.e., Connexins, channels
between cells)

  • provide cytoplasmic porous channels between
    adjacent cells
  • salt ions, sugar, amino acids, and other small
    molecules can pass through channels