animal form and function

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

the study of the biological form of an organism

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

the study of the biological functions an organism performs

Question 3

Enumerate Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity

Answer 3

1. Protoplasmic grade of organization
2. Cellular grade of organization
3. Cell-tissue grade of organization
4. Tissue-organ grade of organization
5. Organ-system grade of organization

Question 4

Protoplasmic grade of organization

Answer 4

– unicellular organisms
– all life functions are confined within the boundaries of a
single cell
– protoplasm is the living part of the cells, that contains
organelles (i.e., nucleus) and the cell’s cytoplasm

Question 5

Cellular grade of organization

Answer 5

• multicellular, each cell has its own role

Question 6

Cell-tissue grade of organization

Answer 6

aggregation of similar cells into definite patterns or layers, thus
becoming a tissue (there are 4 major tissue types we will discuss
later)

Question 7

Tissue-organ grade of organization

Answer 7

An Individual Organ is formed from a variety of tissue

Question 8

Organ System grade of organization

Answer 8

– organs work together to perform some function
– systems are associated with basic body functions

Question 9

Arrange the following organisms from least to most complex according to organismal complexity grade.
- German Shepherd
- Flatworm
- Bacteria
- Phytoplankton (Algae)
- Cnidarians (Jellyfish)

Answer 9

Bacteria
Phytoplankton (Algae)
Flatworm
Cnidarians (Jellyfish)
German Shepherd

Question 10

Enumerate the four major tissue types

Answer 10

1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscular
4. nervous

Question 11

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 11

• covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body
• compact; occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells
• little intercellular substance

Question 12

Explain the polarized surfaces of epithelial tissue

Answer 12

Epithelial tissues have apical and basal surface

Question 13

Apical or free surface

Answer 13

• is exposed to air or fluid
• structures on free
  surfaces: microvilli,
  cilia, flagella

Question 14

Basal surface

Answer 14

• where the cells at the
  base of the barrier are
  attached
• also called basal lamina
  and Basement
  membrane

Question 15

Enumerate the 3 main types of intercellular links

Answer 15

• tight junctions
• desmosomes
• gap junctions

Question 16

Tight junction

Answer 16

• membranes of adjacent cells are fused, forming continuous belts around cells
• prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of
  epithelial cells

Question 17

Desmosomes

Answer 17

• fasten cells together into
  strong sheets, much like
  rivets
• reinforced by intermediate
  filaments of keratin
• hyper-adhesive state allows
  resistance to mechanical
  stress

Question 18

Gap Junction

Answer 18

(i.e., Connexins, channels
between cells)

• provide cytoplasmic porous channels between
  adjacent cells
• salt ions, sugar, amino acids, and other small
  molecules can pass through channels