Animal Form and Function Flashcards
What is budding?
a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals arise from outgrowths on existing individuals
What is fission reproduction?
a form of asexual reproduction in which the parent organism splits into two individuals
What is parthenogenesis?
a form of asexual reproduction in which the egg develops without fertilization
What animals is parthenogenesis most common?
invertebrate species
What is hermaphroditism?
individuals possess both male and female reproductive systems
What are simultaneous hermaphrodites?
animals that can produce both male and female gametes at the same time
What are sequential hermaphrodites?
animals that switch sex, produce male and female gametes at different times
What is a reproductive cycle?
some organisms cycle between sexual and asexual reproduction
In what type of environment would an organism asexually reproduce?
stable environment
In what type of environment would an organism sexually reproduce?
unstable environment
What is internal fertilization?
when sperm is deposited inside of the female reproductive tract
What is external fertilization
when the sperm can fertilize eggs out of the female reproductive tract
What is spawning is relation to reproduction?
synchronous release of male and female gametes
Which type of fertilization has a higher zygote survival rate?
internal fertilization
Which form of fertilization allows the parent to choose a mate?
internal fertilization
Which form of fertilization ensures ease of reproduction?
external fertilization
Which form of fertilization doesn’t require the offspring to depend on the parents?
external fertilization
What are male gonads?
testes
What are female gonads?
ovaries
What is spermatogenesis?
continuous production of male gametes
From what cells do female gametes develop?
spermatogonia, stem cells in the testes
What is oogenesis?
definite production of female gametes in the ovaries
From what cells do female gametes develop?
oogonia, stem cells in the ovaries
What is the function of hormones?
they facilitate chemical signaling between organs and organ systems
What triggers gamete production?
sex hormones secreted from the gonads
What sex hormones do the ovaries produce?
estrogen
What sex hormones do the testes produce?
androgens
What hormonal axis stimulates gamete production?
the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonads
What is an ovary follicle?
A fluid filled sack in the ovary that houses a maturing oocyte and develops into the corpus luteum
What is the corpus luteum?
A temporary gland in the ovaries that secretes estrogen
What is the endometrium?
the lining of the uterus that serves as the site of embryo implantation
What are the three phases of ovulation?
follicular phase, ovulation phase, and luteal phase
What occurs during the first trimester?
the placenta forms and the embryo develops
What happens to the corpus luteum during the first trimester?
the embryo secretes the hormone hCG to maintain the corpus luteum until the placenta forms
What is the placenta and its purpose?
it is the interface between the mother and embryo that exchanges gases and nutrients
Organogenesis
the formation of organs
During which trimester does organogenesis occur?
the first trimester
What is the fetus?
an embryo that has developed organs
What do hormonal contraceptives do?
contain synthetic estrogen/progesterone that inhibits the secretion of GnRH and prevents ovulation
What is an IUD?
intrauterine devices, present pregnancy with progestin or spermicides
