Animal F+F Flashcards
-animals use metabolism to maintain their body temperature
-shiver to increase, sweat/pant to decrease
-require 90% more calories than reg. sized ectotherm
Endothermic
animals do not use metabolism to maintain their body temperature
Ectothermic
animals allow their body temperature to fluctuate depending on the environment. (fish, change temp)
Poikilothermic
animals, whether endotherms or ectotherms, maintain a constant body temperature.
Homeothermic
What controls thermoregulation?
the nervous system, specifically the hypothalamus
-thick fur/feathers and fat
-creates in insulating layer of air next to their skin
-vasorestriction forces blood to the core of the body so heat is not lost through the skin
-shivering is a last resort
-ectotherms seek warmer areas
Thermoregulation when it is cold outside
-panting or sweating
-vasodilation brings blood (and heat) to skin, heat dissipates
-ectotherms seek cooler areas
Thermoregulation when it is hot outside
What is physiology?
How form and function sustain life and shape responses to environmental conditions
-provides support for the animal’s body, internal organs, and the ability to move
Musculoskeletal system
Invertebrates, if they have a musculoskeletal system, have a…
exoskeleton
Exoskeletons are most often made of
chitin or calcium carbonate
Having an exoskeleton limits an animal’s size. To grow, these animals must..
molt
-All chordate animals have
-comprised of internal bone or cartilage that supports body weight and movement
-determinante growth, do not molt
endoskeleton
Which has
-greater surface area to body mass ratio than large endotherms
-lose heat faster than large endotherms
-higher BMR than large endotherms
small endotherms
Digestive system-Hydrolyzes large macromolecules into their smaller components
-the digestive system works closely with the circulatory system
- not all animals have a digestive system
Digestive system
-transports nutrients and gases throughout the body
- the heart is the “motor” of the circulatory system, creating the circulation of blood through blood vessels
-Not all animals have a circulatory system
Circulatory system
-this system absorbs oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
-oxygen is absorbed and transported to cells throughout the body
-Works closely with the circulatory system
Respiratory system
-Eliminates waste from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolic waste, and regulates blood pH
-Kidneys, bladder, urethra
Urinary system
-Coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body
-Processes sensory information from both outside and inside the body
-brain, nerves
Nervous system
-Is considered part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory neurons, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception and interception
-sight, sound, smell, taste, touch
Sensory system
Fish
Poikilothermic ectotherm
Rabbit
Homeothermic endotherm
Alligator
Homeothermic ectotherm
Bat
Poikilothermic endothermic
Compared to a smaller cell, a larger cell…
has more surface area per volume.
What describes negative feedback?
A process that reverses current body physiological conditions.
Homeobox (Hox) Genes in Animals
- determine animal body plan
-“master control genes”
-homologous in all animals (except Ctenophora & Porifera)
Hox genes have undergone…
2-4 duplication events, the aditional genes allow for more and more complex body types
Which two species do not have Hox genes?
Ctenophora and Porifera
-two germ layers
-ectoderm
-endoderm
-Asymmetrical and radial symmetrical animals
Diploblastic
-Three germ layers
-ectoderm
-endoderm
-mesoderm
-Bilaterally symmetrical animals
Triploblastic
What is a coelom?
An internal body cavity derived from mesoderm tissue
-provides cushioning to internal organs
-allows for body flexibility
Triploblasts that do NOT have a coelom are called
-their mesoderm region is completely filled with tissue
acoelomates
-ex. platyhelminthes(flatworms)
Triploblasts that have a coelom that is completely surrounded by mesoderm tissue are called
eucoelomates
-ex. echinoderms (starfish) and chordates (animals with a backbone)
Triploblasts that have a coelom that is lined partly with mesoderm and partly with endoderm are called
pseudocoelomates
-ex. nematoda (roundworms)
The blastopore becomes the mouth
-this is more primitive
-arthropods, mollusks, annelids
Protostomes
-Platyhelminthes is a protosome but only has one opening
The blastopore becomes the anus
-this is a novel, autapomorphic trait
-chordates and even echinoderms
Deuterostomes
-Aquatic, sessile, filter feeders
asymmetrical body plan
-Aquatic but often motile, and filter feeders or actively search for food
-able to receive environmental information from all directions
-no cephalization
radial body plan
-all vertabrates
-have cephalization (forward/backward)
-motile and active search for food
-has an anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral side
bilateral body plan
