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BIOL112 > Animal Evolution > Flashcards

Animal Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution important for?

A

Medicine, Agriculture and Conservation

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2
Q

What is a theory?

A

Comprehensive explanation of an important feature of nature, supported by facts gathered over time

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3
Q

Facts of Evolution:
Direct observations of evolutionary change

A

Small changes within a population/species

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4
Q

Facts of Evolution:
Homology

A

Present patterns to infer processes in past
Sharing common ancestors

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5
Q

Facts of Evolution:
Fossil Record

A

Evidence of gradual change over time

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6
Q

Facts of Evolution:
Biogeography

A

The scientific study of geographic distributions of species, past and present

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7
Q

Micro-Evolution

A

Small changes within a population/species

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8
Q

Macro-Evolution

A

Large changes over a long period of time

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9
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation

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10
Q

What is natural selection?

A

A process whereby individuals with certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at higher rates than others

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11
Q

What are the four components of natural selection?

A

Variation, inheritance, selection and time

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12
Q

What is the result of natural selection?

A

Adaptation: Any trait that enhances the chance of survival and reproduction

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13
Q

Selection “for”

A

Phenotypic attributes, causes differential survival and reproductive success

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14
Q

Selection “of”

A

Genotypes from one generation to the next, allows phenotypes to be ‘rebuilt’ each generation.

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15
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Traits that improve mating chances

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16
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Inter: Traits which facilitate one sex to attract another sex

17
Q

Intra sexual selection

A

Intra: Traits which facilitate competition within a sex

18
Q

Stabilising Selection

A

Elimination of extremes
Maintains the average

19
Q

Directional Selection

A

Increase in extreme phenotype
Common during environmental change
Or migration into a new habitat

20
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Increase in two extremes of phenotypes at expense of intermediate forms

21
Q

Biological species concept

A

Group of distinct organisms capable of interbreeding but reproductively isolated from other species

22
Q

How is interbreeding prevented?

A

Postzygotic and prezygotic barriers

23
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

Habitat, temporal, behavioural, gametic and mechanical isolation

24
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Geographic isolation of populations
Natural selection operates to form sub or separate species

25
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

Reduced hybrid variability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

26
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Ecological diversification, no physical barriers, e.g. due to habitat preference

27
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organism

28
Q

Divergence

A

When two species diverge from a common ancestor and develop different characteristics

29
Q

Convergence

A

When two species with different ancestral origins develop similar characteristics

30
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

Most major phyla of animals appear
Increase in diversity
Rise of O2 in atmosphere
Predator-prey relationships

31
Q

Colonisation of Land

A

500 mya
Aquatic –> terrestrial
- Breathe air
- Prevent dehydration
- Reproduce on land
- Locomotion

32
Q

What causes mass extinction?

A

Major climate changes
Volcanoes
Impact theory

33
Q

What caused the distribution of life?

A

Continental drift
2cm/year
Allopatric speciation

34
Q

What controls development genes?

A

Rate of development
Timing of development
Spatial pattern of development

35
Q

Hox genes complex steps

A
  1. Hox genes direct development of major body parts
  2. Duplication mutation occurred, associated with vertebrates
  3. Duplicate gene took on the role of creating a backbone
  4. Second duplication mutation occurred leading to greater structural complexity such as jaws and limbs
  5. The four clusters of vertebrate hox genes are homologous to the single cluster in invertebrates
36
Q

How does new form arise?

A

The evolution of anatomy turns out not to be gene changes but changes in the regulation of genes that control development

37
Q

Extinction vortex

A

Small population
Genetic drift + inbreeding
Loss of genetic variability
Reduction in fitness
Lower reproduction + high mortality
Smaller population

38
Q

Genetic diversity loss

A

Long term: Loss of adaptive potential
Short term: Reduced ability to respond to environmental changes

39
Q

Genetic Rescue

A

An increase in population fitness owing to immigration of new alleles

BIOL112 (2 decks)

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