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animal diversity + vertebrates > animal diversity + vertebrates > Flashcards

animal diversity + vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

what separates animals from plants?

A

can’t make their own food, no cell wall, cell junctions hold cells in place for communication

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2
Q

suspension feeding

A

filtering particles from surrounding water

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3
Q

bulkfeeding

A

eating large food pieces

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4
Q

fluid feeding

A

sucking fluid out of an animal or sap (think of a spider)

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5
Q

true or false: animals rely on absorptive nutrition

A

true

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6
Q

what is needed for movement?

A

muscle and nerve cells organized into tissue

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7
Q

muscle cells are unique to (blank)

A

animals

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8
Q

why do animals need to move?

A

find food and run

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9
Q

what systems are needed for movement?

A

specialized sensory structure + nervous system

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10
Q

sessile species like barnacles have (blank) for moving

A

appendages or a swimming larval stage

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11
Q

do all animals reproduce sexually

A

the vast majority of them do

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of the sperm and egg in animals?

A

the sperm is small and mobile while the egg is large

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13
Q

internal fertilization is common in (blank) species

A

terrestrial

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14
Q

why is internal fertilization common?

A

sperm needs a fluid to get to the egg

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15
Q

some animals do reproduce asexually, what are the benefits?

A
  • don’t have to find another mate
  • every individual can reproduce
  • population increases rapidly
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16
Q

metamorphosis:

A

developmental phenomena where animal changes from a juvenile to adult

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17
Q

what are the advantages of metamorphasis?

A

reduces competition and facilitates dispersal (like fruit!)

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18
Q

multicellular animals emerged at the end of what eon?

A

proterozoic (590 million years ago)

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19
Q

the first animals were what?

A

invertebrates

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20
Q

what are the explanations of this increase and animal diversity?

A
  1. favorable environments, warm temperature, development of ozone layer
  2. evolution of Hox genes
  3. An evolutionary “arms race”
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21
Q

why is the development of ozone layer important?

A

because the sun is strong to scramble DNA and cause cancer without it

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22
Q

what is an evolutionary “arms race”

A

as organisms evolve, predators make selection pressures which mean the prey evolves (this goes back and forth for millions of years)

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23
Q

what were the first vertebrates?

A

fish

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24
Q

what was happening while fish were chilling in the ocean?

A

plants were colonizing the land

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25
Q

what did animals develop for life on land?

A

lungs, internal fertilization, and amniotic egg

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26
Q

amniotic egg:

A

develops to keep the embryo safe, a separate membrane holding all the waste

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27
Q

dinosaurs died

A

65 million years ago

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28
Q

what was the consequence of the dinosaurs going extinct?

A

explosion of the diversity of mammals

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29
Q

Opisthokonta:

A
  • closest living relatives of animals are choanoflagellates (single-celled protest)
  • have a single flagellum surrounded by a collar of tentacle cytoplasm
  • choanoflagellates look a lot like sponge choanocytes
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30
Q

what traits are traditionally used to classify animals?

A

morphological and development features such as
- some kind of body symmetry
- number of germ/developmental layers
- specific features of embryonic development

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31
Q

metazoa

A

animals

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32
Q

porifera

A

sponges

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33
Q

porifera have traits such as

A
  • no specialized organs or tissues
  • may have distinct cell types
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34
Q

eumetazoa

A
  • more than one type of tissues and organisms, all other animals
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35
Q

eumetazoa is divided by what trait?

A

symmetry

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36
Q

radial symmetry

A

can be divided equally by any horizontal plane

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37
Q

radial animals are usually…

A

circular or tubular in shape, mouth at one end

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38
Q

bilateria are divided by

A

vertical plane to produce halves

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39
Q

bilateria can have what kind of sides?

A

dorsal and ventral sides, and also cephalization, anterior and posterior ends

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40
Q

radiata have how many germ layers?

A

two

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41
Q

cell layers are developed during when?

A

gastrulation

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42
Q

inner layer:

A

endoderm

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43
Q

outer layer:

A

ectoderm

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44
Q

middle:

A

mesoderm

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45
Q

mesoderm form what?

A

muscles and other organs

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46
Q

protostomes mean the blastopore turns into the….

A

mouth

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47
Q

what are other traits of a protostome?

A

first hole is the mouth AND cleavage determines fate of embryonic cell early

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48
Q

deuterostome means…

A

the blastopore is an anus
cleavage is indeterminate
each cell produced by early cleavage can develop into a complete embryo

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49
Q

coelom

A

fluid filled body

50
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

coelom only partially lined with mesoderm (rotifers, roundworms)

51
Q

acoelomate:

A

lack body cavity, have something else instead

52
Q

what are the functions of a coelom?

A
  • cushions internal organs
  • enables movement and growth of internal organs independent on the body wall
  • functions as a hydrostatic skeleton (muscle contractions push fluid from one part of the body to another)
  • allows for movement of organisms
  • fluid acts as a simple circulation system
53
Q

coelomate:

A

completely lined with mesoderm

54
Q

the body may be divided into regions called (blank)

A

segments

55
Q

segmentation occurs in what?

A

annelids, arthropods, and chordates

56
Q

what does segmentation allow for?

A

specialization of body regions

57
Q

segmented animals have what connecting all the segments?

A

tissue

58
Q

hox genes are involved in what?

A

pattern formation in animal embryos

59
Q

hox genes come in how many clusters?

A

4 clusters of 13 genes

60
Q

simple change in hox expression may account for what?

A

variation in arthropod appendage types

61
Q

vertebrates shift in expression in the embryo governs what?

A

transition from one type of vertebra to another, short/long necks, descent with modification

62
Q

what do scientists use to classify animals now?

A

molecular data

63
Q

closely related organisms have what?

A

fewer differences in DNA

64
Q

what are the advantages of morphological data?

A

genetic sequences are easy to count and compare

65
Q

studies often focus on what gene?

A

the gene for small subunit ribosomal dna

66
Q

hox genes are…

A
  • found in all animals
67
Q

duplications of hox genes can cause to evolution of

A

complex body forms

68
Q

ecdyszoa are what animals?

A

nematods and arthropods

69
Q

what are ecydyszoa named for?

A

molting

70
Q

member of ecydszoa do what?

A

secrete an exoskeleton that must be shed and regrown as the animal increases in size

71
Q

lophotrochozoa are what kind of animals?

A

mollusks and annelids

72
Q

what are lophotrochozoa named for?

A

feeding tentacles and larva

73
Q

how does one join the lophotrochozoa

A

get your molecular data analyzed

74
Q

what are the distinguishing features of chordates?

A

vertebrae column, cranium, and endoskeleton of cartilage/bone

75
Q

common features of chordates may include

A

multiple clusters of hox genes, diversity of internal organisms

76
Q

what are the side effects of multiple hox genes?

A

increasingly complex morphologies

77
Q

notochord

A

cartilage skeleton rod supporting a body

78
Q

jawless eel-like animals characteristics

A
  • lack eyes, jaws, and vertebrae
  • skeleton compromised of notochord and cartilaginous skull
    -blind with a keen sense of smell
79
Q

cyclostomata characteristics

A
  • have a notochord
  • rudimentary vertebral column
80
Q

gnathostome characteristics

A
  • jawed vertebraes
  • jaws allow for efficient prey capture
  • hinged jaws developed from gills
  • dorsal hollow nerve cord
81
Q

chondirchthyes characteristics (all of these are misspelled I am so sorry)

A
  • sharks!
  • cartilaginous fish
  • can find things using electricity
  • oxygen is extracted from using gills
  • dual chambered hearts
  • teeth not set into jaw
  • powerful sense of smell
82
Q

oviparous

A

lay eggs

83
Q

ovoviparous

A

egg retained in female, no placenta

84
Q

viviparous

A

eggs develop in uterus, placenta nourishes young

85
Q

characteristics of cartaliginous fish

A
  • skeleton of flexible cartilage
  • derived character with Chondrichthyes
  • denser than water
  • maintain buoyancy using fins and large oil filled river
86
Q

osteichthyans characteristics

A
  • include all vertebrae with bony skeleton
  • monophyletic origin
87
Q

actinopterygii:

A

ray finned fishes

88
Q

sarcopterygii

A

lobe finned fishes

89
Q

operculum

A

covers gills

90
Q

what is the swim bladder for?

A

buoyancy

91
Q

actinopterygii characteristics

A
  • includes all bony fish but coelocanths and lung fish
  • fins supported by thin, bony flexible rays
92
Q

sarcopterygii characteristics

A
  • includes tetrapods
  • fins supported by skeletal extensions of the pectoral and pelvic areas
  • moved by muscles
93
Q

coelocanth characteristics

A
  • believed to be extinct until 1938
  • special joint in skull gives powerful bite
  • swim bladder filled with oil rather than gas
94
Q

lungfish

A
  • live in oxygen poor freshwater
  • both gills and lungs can drown if unable to breathe air
  • muscular lobe allows land travel
95
Q

what adaptions do tetrapods have for land?

A

reproducing, movement, and preventing water loss

96
Q

which group of fish did animals come from?

A

lobe finned fishes

97
Q

vertebral column in tetrapods

A

strengthened, hips and leg bones braced against backbone

98
Q

what hox genes specify limb formation?

A

9-13

99
Q

what are characteristics of the fishapod

A

broad skull
eyes on top
lungs
pectoral fins with finger-like bones

100
Q

the fishapod was tied to land for what?

A

reproduction

101
Q

when did the fishapod come onto the scene?

A

320 million years ago

102
Q

mutations in hox genes result in..

A

loss of radula, ulna, and carpals

103
Q

a simple hox gene mutation can lead to

A

large changes in limbs

104
Q

amphibians successfully colonized land, what is the one thing they are tied to water for?

A

fucking

105
Q

how do amphibians breathe?

A

with lungs and skin

106
Q

how do amphibians lungs work

A

bucca pumping forces air in

107
Q

amphibians fertilize their eggs

A

externally

108
Q

do amphibians go through metamorphasis?

A

yes, their larval stage is aquatic

109
Q

tetrapods developed what that was critical?

A

development of shelled egg

110
Q

the amniotic egg did what?

A

removed the tie from water

111
Q

most mammals have an embryo…

A

embedded in the uterine wall

112
Q

what are other key innovations of mammals

A
  • resisting water loss
  • keratin
    thoraic breathing
113
Q

what is thoraic breathing?

A

negative pressure sucks in air

114
Q

feathers are modified what

A

scales

115
Q

mammals evolved from amniote ancestors

A

earlier than birds

116
Q

characteristics of mammals

A
  • mammary glands for milk
    external food provisioning
    have hair
    only vertebraes with special teeth
    enlarged skull
117
Q

additional features of animals

A

digest plants using bacteria

118
Q

primates are

A

tree dwelling species

119
Q

primates evolved

A

85 million years ago

120
Q

primates have

A

opposable thumbs, large digits with flat nails, complex social behavior, well-developed parental care, binocular vision

animal diversity + vertebrates (1 decks)

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