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Biology Paper 2 > Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Chemicals released directly into the blood.

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2
Q

Where are Hormones carried?

A

In the blood to other parts of the body, but only affect particular cells in particular organs.

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3
Q

What do Hormones control?

A

Things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment.

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4
Q

Where are Hormones produced?

A

In various glands, called Endocrine glands.

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5
Q

What does the Pituitary gland do?

A

Produces many hormones that regulate body conditions. These hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change.

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6
Q

What do Ovaries do?

A

Produce oestrogen, which is involved in the menstrual cycle.

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7
Q

What do Testes do?

A

Produce testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production in males.

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8
Q

What does the Thyroid gland do?

A

Produce Thyroxine, which is involved in regulating things like the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature.

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9
Q

What does the Adrenal gland do?

A

Produce adrenaline, which is used to prepare the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response.

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10
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces insulin which is used to regulate the blood glucose level.

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11
Q

When the Blood glucose concentration is too high…

A

Insulin is added.

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12
Q

What are changes in the blood glucose monitored and controlled by?

A

The pancreas.

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13
Q

What does the insulin help glucose do?

A

Allows glucose to be absorbed by body cells.

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14
Q

What does insulin make the liver do to the glucose?

A

Turn it into glycogen.

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15
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

A condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. The result is that a person’s blood glucose can rise to a level that can kill them.

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16
Q

What does a person with Type 1 diabetes need to be treated?

A

Insulin therapy, usually involves injecting insulin into the subcutaneous tissue, from where it will enter the bloodstream.

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17
Q

How can taking regular exercise help control Type 1 diabetes?

A

Helps to remove excess glucose from the blood.

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18
Q

Other than Insulin therapy and Regular exercises, what can a person with type 1 diabetes think about?

A

Limiting the intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates.

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19
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

A condition where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or when a person becomes resistant to insulin. Blood glucose level rises.

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20
Q

What is the correlation between obesity and type 2 diabetes?

A

Obese people have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

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21
Q

How can Type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A

By eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise and losing weight if needed.

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22
Q

When the blood glucose concentration is too low what is added?

A

Glucagon is added.

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23
Q

What does Glucagon make the liver do to the glycogen?

A

Makes liver turn glycogen into glucose.

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24
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

25
What does Blood glucose regulation mean? | (Homeostasis)
You need to make sure the amount of glucose in your blood doesn't get too high or too low.
26
What does Osmoregulation mean? | (Homeostasis)
You need to keep a balance between the water you gain and the water you pee, sweat and breathe out.
27
What does Thermoregulation mean? | (Homeostasis)
You need to reduce your body temperature when you're hot, but increase it when the environment is cold.
28
What do negative feedback systems do?
Help to keep conditions in your body steady. If a condition changes away from the normal level, a response is triggered that counteracts that change.
29
What is Adrenaline?
A hormone released by the adrenal glands, located just above the kidneys.
30
What does adrenaline prepare for?
A 'fight or flight' response. Does this by activating processes that increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells.
31
When your brain detects a stressful situation...
it sends a nervous impulse to the adrenal glands, which respond by releasing adrenaline.
32
What is Thyroxine?
A hormone released by the thyroid gland.
33
What is the Thyroxines main role?
Regulating metabolic rate.
34
What is metabolic rate?
The speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur.
35
What does a negative feedback system do?
Keeps the amount of thyroxine in the blood at the right level.
36
When the blood thyroxine level is lower than normal... | (Negative feedback: step 1)
the hypothalamus is stimulated to release TRH.
37
TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release... | (Negative feedback: step 2)
TSH
38
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release... | (Negative feedback: step 3)
Thyroxine, so the blood thyroxine level rises back towards normal.
39
What happens once the blood thyroxine level becomes higher than normal?
The release of TRH from the hypothalamus is inhibited, which reduces the production of TSH, so the blood thyroxine level falls.
40
What is the menstrual cycle?
The monthly sequence of events in which the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus in case the egg is fertilised.
41
What happens in stage 1 of menstruation cycle?
The lining of the uterus breaks down and is released.
42
What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?
From day 4 - 14: Uterus lining is repaired until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for a fertilised egg to implant there.
43
What happens in stage 3 of the menstruation cycle?
An egg develops and is released from the ovary at about day 14.
44
What happens in stage 4 of the menstruation cycle?
The lining is then maintained for about 14 days, until day 28. If no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down again and the whole cycle starts over.
45
What 4 hormones control the menstrual cycle?
FSH Oestrogen LH Progesterone
46
What is FSH?
Released by pituitary gland. Causes a follicle to mature in on of the ovaries. Stimulates Oestrogen production
47
What is Oestrogen?
Released by the ovaries. Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow. A high level stimulates an LH surge.
48
What is LH?
Released by the pituitary gland LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14 - the follicle ruptures and the egg is released. Remains of the follicle develop into a structure called corpus luteum - secretes progesterone.
49
What is Progesterone?
Released by the corpus luteum after ovulation Maintains the lining of the uterus. Inhibits the release of FSH and LH.
50
When the level of progesterone falls, and there is a low oestrogen level...
the uterus lining breaks down.
51
A low progesterone level allows FSH to...
increase and then the whole cycle starts again.
52
What type of women are clomifene therapy for?
Women who don't ovulate or they don't ovulate regularly.
53
How does Clomifene therapy work?
Causing more FSH and LH to be released by the body, which stimulate egg maturation and ovulation.
54
How does IVF work?
Collecting eggs from the woman's ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man's sperm. Then grown into embryos. FSH and LH are given before egg collection to stimulate egg production.
55
What is assisted reproductive technology mean?
A fertility treatment that involves eggs being handled outside of the body.
56
If Oestrogen is taken everyday to keep the level of it permanently high...
it inhibits the production of FSH, and after a while egg development and production stop and stay stopped.
57
How can progesterone reduce fertility?
By stimulating the production of thick cervical mucus, which prevents any sperm getting through the entrance to the uterus and reaching an egg.
58
What are the pros of using hormonal methods?
More effective at preventing pregnancy than barrier methods. Also means couple don't have to stop and think about contraception each time they have intercourse.
59
What are the cons of using hormonal methods?
Can have unpleasant side effects, such as head aches, acne and mood changes. Also don't protect against sexually transmitted infections.

Biology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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