Animal Coordination, Control and homeostasis Flashcards
Hormones, Menstrual cycle, thermoregulation, diabetes, osmoregulation
What is the primary function of the circulatory system in animals?
To transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
True or False: The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system.
True
Fill in the blank: The main blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called _____.
arteries
What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?
Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
Which type of blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?
Veins
List the two main types of circulation in mammals.
Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
What is the role of red blood cells?
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body back to the lungs.
Multiple Choice: Which component of blood is primarily responsible for clotting? A) Plasma B) Red blood cells C) White blood cells D) Platelets
D) Platelets
What is the function of the plasma in blood?
To transport nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
True or False: The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
True
What is the significance of the septum in the heart?
The septum separates the left and right sides of the heart, preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
What is the role of the pulmonary arteries?
To carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
What is diffusion in the context of gas exchange?
The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across cell membranes from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.
True or False: Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood dissolved in plasma.
False
What is the main role of the respiratory system in animals?
To facilitate gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.
Fill in the blank: The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs are called _____.
alveoli
What is the importance of a double circulatory system?
It allows for efficient oxygenation of blood and separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of blood? A) Red blood cells B) White blood cells C) Muscle cells D) Plasma
C) Muscle cells
What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?
To contract and expand the thoracic cavity, facilitating inhalation and exhalation.
True or False: Hemoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells.
True
Which part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
Right atrium
What is the main function of white blood cells?
To defend the body against infections and foreign substances.
Why is being a multicellular organism a problem for exchange of substances?
Due to the complexity and can;t have enough skin for everything to happen.
Hav to have specialised organs and systems for exchange
What things need to be exchanged between animals and the environment?
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, water
What determines how easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with it’s environment
surface area to volume ratio
Work out the surface ration to volume area of an animal represented by a 4cm x 4cm x 2cm block
Surface area = 4x4 x2 (top and bottom) + 4x2x4 (4 sides) = 64
Volume = 4x4x2 = 16
Ration 64:16
How is water taken up int the body?
osmosis
What is required for diffusion to occur
a concentration gradient
Explain why we need alveoli
As we are a multiceluular organism and can;t just excahnge through our surface as we have a small surface area to volume ratio so we need a specialised exchange surface to incraese the area
How are alveoli adapted to their function
Moist lining for dissolving gases
Good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradients
Very thin walls - minimise distance
Huge surface area - about 75m2
What is the job of the lungs?
transfer oxygen to the blood and remvoe carbon dioxide from it
Explain what happenes in hte alveoli
Blood arrives carrying lots of carbon dioxide and air arrives carrying lots of oxygen this gives a large concentration gradient so carbon diaoxide rapidly mvoes from high concentration in blood to low concentration in air while oxygen moves from high concentration in air to low in blood. The air is then breathed out and the blood then takes oxygen to the tissues.
What is an erythrocyte
A red blood cell
True or false red blood cells carry oxygen from the lngs tot he rest of the body
True
Explain how a red blood cell is specialised for its function
Biconcave shape - increases surface area
No nucleus - more room to carry haemoglobin and hence oxygen
Haemoglobin - contains iron binds to oxygen to make oxyhaemaoglobin in tissues this splits to release the oxygen
True or false white blood cells are involved in blood clotting
False they defend against infection
What are the types of white blood cells
Phagocytes - change shape and engulf (gobble up ) microorganisms this is Phagocytosis
Lymphocytes produce antibodies and some antitoxins
What are platelets
Fragments of cells with no nucleus that help blood to clot
True or false someone with low platelets will have more bleeding and bruising
True as they don’t have the platelets needed to make blood clots.
What is plasma
Straw coloured liquid, carries red cells, white cells, platelets, nutrients eg glucose amino acids, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins
Name the 3 types of blood vessel and state their role
Arteries - carry blood from the heart
Veins - carry blood to the heart
Capillaries - Involved in exchange of materials in tissues
How do arteries and veins differ?
Arteries have strong elastic walls to carry blood at high pressure. Walls are thick and made of elastic fibres and muscle. Lumen is relatively small.
Veins - thinner walls as blood at lower pressure, larger lumen, have valves
How are capillaries specialised for their function
Very narrow so can squeeze in gaps between cells and can carry blood close to every cell in the body
Very permeable walls for diffusion
Supply food and oxygen and remove waste
Walls are one cell thick to increase rate of diffusion by reducing distance.
True or false animals have a double circulatory system
True they have two circuits
Pulmonary
Systemic
True or flase fish have a double circulatory system
False they have a single systema nd blood goes through gills to get oxygen
True or false there are four major chambers and 4 major blood vessels in the human heart
True
Explain how blood moves round
Vena cava into right atrium into right ventricle into pulmonary artery into lungs into pulmonary vein into left atrium into left ventricle into aorta to body
Then back to vena cava etc etc
Explain the structure of the heart
Left side is thicker due to higher pressure needed to get blood round body
Valves prevent backflow of blood
Septa sperate the two sides
How can you calculate how much blood is being pumped
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
Define stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle each time it contracts
What is heart rate
Number of contractions of heart per minute
What is hte cardiac output of someone with a heart rate of 50bpm and avergae stroke volume of 70cm
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
Cardiac output = 50 x 70 = 3500cm3/min
What is the heart rate of someone with avergae stroke volume of 72 and cardiac output of 5420?
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
So
Heart rate = cardiac output divided by stroke volume
