Animal Coordination, Control and homeostasis

Question 1

What is the primary function of the circulatory system in animals?

Answer 1

To transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Question 2

True or False: The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Fill in the blank: The main blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called _____.

Answer 3

arteries

Question 4

What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

Answer 4

Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.

Question 5

Which type of blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?

Answer 5

Veins

Question 6

List the two main types of circulation in mammals.

Answer 6

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

Question 7

What is the role of red blood cells?

Answer 7

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body back to the lungs.

Question 8

Multiple Choice: Which component of blood is primarily responsible for clotting? A) Plasma B) Red blood cells C) White blood cells D) Platelets

Answer 8

D) Platelets

Question 9

What is the function of the plasma in blood?

Answer 9

To transport nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Question 10

True or False: The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What is the significance of the septum in the heart?

Answer 11

The septum separates the left and right sides of the heart, preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Question 12

What is the role of the pulmonary arteries?

Answer 12

To carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Question 13

What is diffusion in the context of gas exchange?

Answer 13

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across cell membranes from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Question 14

True or False: Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood dissolved in plasma.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

What is the main role of the respiratory system in animals?

Answer 15

To facilitate gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs are called _____.

Answer 16

alveoli

Question 17

What is the importance of a double circulatory system?

Answer 17

It allows for efficient oxygenation of blood and separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Question 18

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of blood? A) Red blood cells B) White blood cells C) Muscle cells D) Plasma

Answer 18

C) Muscle cells

Question 19

What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?

Answer 19

To contract and expand the thoracic cavity, facilitating inhalation and exhalation.

Question 20

True or False: Hemoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Which part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

Answer 21

Right atrium

Question 22

What is the main function of white blood cells?

Answer 22

To defend the body against infections and foreign substances.

Question 23

Why is being a multicellular organism a problem for exchange of substances?

Answer 23

Due to the complexity and can;t have enough skin for everything to happen.
Hav to have specialised organs and systems for exchange

Question 24

What things need to be exchanged between animals and the environment?

Answer 24

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, water

Question 25

What determines how easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with it's environment

Answer 25

surface area to volume ratio

Question 26

Work out the surface ration to volume area of an animal represented by a 4cm x 4cm x 2cm block

Answer 26

Surface area = 4x4 x2 (top and bottom) + 4x2x4 (4 sides) = 64 Volume = 4x4x2 = 16 Ration 64:16

Question 27

How is water taken up int the body?

Answer 27

osmosis

Question 28

What is required for diffusion to occur

Answer 28

a concentration gradient

Question 29

Explain why we need alveoli

Answer 29

As we are a multiceluular organism and can;t just excahnge through our surface as we have a small surface area to volume ratio so we need a specialised exchange surface to incraese the area

Question 30

How are alveoli adapted to their function

Answer 30

Moist lining for dissolving gases Good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradients Very thin walls - minimise distance Huge surface area - about 75m2

Question 31

What is the job of the lungs?

Answer 31

transfer oxygen to the blood and remvoe carbon dioxide from it

Question 32

Explain what happenes in hte alveoli

Answer 32

Blood arrives carrying lots of carbon dioxide and air arrives carrying lots of oxygen this gives a large concentration gradient so carbon diaoxide rapidly mvoes from high concentration in blood to low concentration in air while oxygen moves from high concentration in air to low in blood. The air is then breathed out and the blood then takes oxygen to the tissues.

Question 33

What is an erythrocyte

Answer 33

A red blood cell

Question 34

True or false red blood cells carry oxygen from the lngs tot he rest of the body

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Explain how a red blood cell is specialised for its function

Answer 35

Biconcave shape - increases surface area No nucleus - more room to carry haemoglobin and hence oxygen Haemoglobin - contains iron binds to oxygen to make oxyhaemaoglobin in tissues this splits to release the oxygen

Question 36

True or false white blood cells are involved in blood clotting

Answer 36

False they defend against infection

Question 37

What are the types of white blood cells

Answer 37

Phagocytes - change shape and engulf (gobble up ) microorganisms this is Phagocytosis Lymphocytes produce antibodies and some antitoxins

Question 38

What are platelets

Answer 38

Fragments of cells with no nucleus that help blood to clot

Question 39

True or false someone with low platelets will have more bleeding and bruising

Answer 39

True as they don't have the platelets needed to make blood clots.

Question 40

What is plasma

Answer 40

Straw coloured liquid, carries red cells, white cells, platelets, nutrients eg glucose amino acids, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins

Question 41

Name the 3 types of blood vessel and state their role

Answer 41

Arteries - carry blood from the heart Veins - carry blood to the heart Capillaries - Involved in exchange of materials in tissues

Question 42

How do arteries and veins differ?

Answer 42

Arteries have strong elastic walls to carry blood at high pressure. Walls are thick and made of elastic fibres and muscle. Lumen is relatively small. Veins - thinner walls as blood at lower pressure, larger lumen, have valves

Question 43

How are capillaries specialised for their function

Answer 43

Very narrow so can squeeze in gaps between cells and can carry blood close to every cell in the body Very permeable walls for diffusion Supply food and oxygen and remove waste Walls are one cell thick to increase rate of diffusion by reducing distance.

Question 44

True or false animals have a double circulatory system

Answer 44

True they have two circuits Pulmonary Systemic

Question 45

True or flase fish have a double circulatory system

Answer 45

False they have a single systema nd blood goes through gills to get oxygen

Question 46

True or false there are four major chambers and 4 major blood vessels in the human heart

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Explain how blood moves round

Answer 47

Vena cava into right atrium into right ventricle into pulmonary artery into lungs into pulmonary vein into left atrium into left ventricle into aorta to body Then back to vena cava etc etc

Question 48

Explain the structure of the heart

Answer 48

Left side is thicker due to higher pressure needed to get blood round body Valves prevent backflow of blood Septa sperate the two sides

Question 49

How can you calculate how much blood is being pumped

Answer 49

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

Question 50

Define stroke volume

Answer 50

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle each time it contracts

Question 51

What is heart rate

Answer 51

Number of contractions of heart per minute

Question 52

What is hte cardiac output of someone with a heart rate of 50bpm and avergae stroke volume of 70cm

Answer 52

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume Cardiac output = 50 x 70 = 3500cm3/min

Question 53

What is the heart rate of someone with avergae stroke volume of 72 and cardiac output of 5420?

Answer 53

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume So Heart rate = cardiac output divided by stroke volume