Animal Classification and Diversity Flashcards
What does Taxonomy involves?
Classification, Identification and Nomenclature
What is Classification?
a process by which organisms in the world are classified based on their similarities, which reflect historical relationship among lineages.
What is Identification?
a process by which organisms are recognized and identified on Linnaeus hierarchy.
What is Nomenclature?
a way of naming organisms scientifically based on binomial system Taxonomic /Linnaeus hierarchy.
What is the basic unit of classification?
Species
Name the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryote cell
- an earlier primitive cell.
- lack of a nuclear membrane.
- lacks of membrane- bound organelles (mitochondria & chloroplast).
Eukaryote cell
- more advanced cell.
- nucleus with a nuclear membrane.
- posses membrane-bound organelles.
How do Rhizopodes survive the extreme conditions? (dry, absence of food&water)
enclosing itself with a hard covering and become what is known as cysts where all life activities is kept to the minimum (dormant stage) until condition is normal.
What is the protoplasm of the Amoeba sp. enclosed with?
A membrane called plasmalemma
Cytoplasm of Amoeba sp. is divided to
Ectoplasm- outer, has plasmagel
Endoplasm- inner, has plasmasol
Inside the endoplasma(inner part) of Amoeba sp. there can be found fat droplets and vacuoles. What are the two types of vacuoles?
Food vacuoles- contains food material in diff stages of digestion
Contractile vacuoles - Remove excess water through osmoregulation
What is the locomotion of Amoeba sp.?
-Extending their pseudopodium
What is the locomotion for phylum Euglenophyta?
using flagella
The body of the phylum euglenophyta is covered with?
Flexible membrane called pellicle ( give shapes )
Give characteristics of phylum euglenophyta. ( animal & plant )
animal
- Active movement - locomotion with flagellum.
- absent of cell wall.
- has photoreceptors for phototaxic response.
- has a ‘mouth’ for food ingestion
plant
- has chloroplast with chlorophyll and xanthophyll which can carry out photosynthesis.
What is the mode of nutrition for euglenophyta?
- autotrophic ( can manufacture its own food)
- heterotrophic( can’t manufacture its own food)
What is the function of stigma, photoreceptor, paramylum granum and mioneme in Euglena sp.
- stigma (or eyespot) - aids in light reaction.
- photoreceptor - sensitive to light, enables the organism to move toward the direction of optimum light, movement known as phototaxis.
- paramylum granule – storage for starch.
- mioneme – fine thread-like structure which acts as ‘muscles’, aiding in the movement of the organism
What does the Paramecium sp. covered with?
entire surface- Cilia which aids in the movement and feeding of the animal
surface- pellicle membrane
Two contractile vacuoles in Paramecium sp.
- anterior and posterior.
- surrounding each contractile vacuole are radiating canals.
- radiating canals will be filled with water which later send to the contractile vacuole and then remove the excess water from the body.
State the two nuclei of Paramecium sp.
Macronucleus - controls the metabolic activities.
Micronucleus - controls the reproduction of the animal.
Describe the ventral part of Paramecium sp.
- ciliated oral groove which extend to the ciliated gullet.
- the gullets ends with cystostome (mouth) which opens into food vacuole.
- within the body can be found several food vacuoles with different stages of digestion.
- the food vacuoles move in a specific path called cyclosis.
- during the movement, food is digested and absorbed.
- undigested waste are eliminated through the anal pore.
What does apicomplexan moves with?
Just by flexing
What features does apicomplexan have to cause malaria?
Have an apical complex of microtubules that attaches the parasite to its cell host.
Produce sporozoites, an infective agent transmitted to the next host.
Give a simplified version of life cycle of Plasmodium sp.
plasmodium sporozoites (liver cells) > produce merozoites>merozoites enter RBC > some become gametocytes > RBC bursts to release merozoites to affect more RBC > symptoms of malaria arises
uninfected Anopheles mosquito bites infected person > plasmodium gametocytes obtained> in mosquito digestive tract, gametocytes become gametes and fertilized > zygospore> produce sporozoites again
Give some general characteristics of phylum Porifera
- multicellular
- diploblastic animal
- bodies perforated with tiny holes(pores)
- specialized cells ( porocytes )
- collar cells ( choanocytes )
- flagella( swim, attach)
- asymmetrical
- bright coloured
What is the meaning of diploblastic animal?
Body wall consist of 2 definite layers containing tissues
How does poriferans reproduce?
Asexual : small fragment break from parent and give rise to a new sponge.
Sexual : hermaphrodite – same individual produce both egg and sperm
Amoeboid cells: develop into eggs and sperm cells, but at diff time
What is the special characteristics of sponges?
-Have single flagellum ( surrounded w microvilli)
Have collar cells- choanocytes which make up the inner layer of the sponges, surrounds the base of the flagellum
- Have porocytes- form pores, diameter of pores regulated by contracting
- Between the inner and outer- mesohyl( gel-like), supported by slender skeletal spikes/ spicules
- Suspension feeder- food particles digested within the collar cell/ transferred to amoeboid cells for digestion
Describe the movement of water in sponges
Water enters through hundreds of tiny pores (ostia),
passes into the central cavity (spongocoel) and
flow out through the osculum.
What is the specialised cells of Cnidaria?
Cnidocytes ( stinging organelles)
What is the cavity for digestion of food in Cnidarians?
Gastrovascular cavity/ enteron
Name 8 general characteristics of Cnidarians
Mainly marine animal but a few species live in freshwater.
Radially symmetrical in shaped.
Has tentacles which surrounding the mouth.
Has stinging cells - cnidocytes. Mainly located in the epidermis, esp. on the tentacles.
It has interstitial cells (ability to become any type of cell in the animal eg. sperm, egg etc).
It has a primitive nerve system without a brain.
Diploblastic- outer(epidermis) inner( endodermis/gastrodermis)
Mesoderm absent but have mesoglea
What are the two forms of Cnidarians?
- Polyp ( sessile, mouth have tentacles ) Hydra
- Medusa ( more freely, mouth lower concave surface ) Aurelia
What are the type of reproduction by Cnidarians?
Hermaphrodite- one organism, 2 reproductive organs
Dioecious- 2 organisms, 2 reproductive organs( respectively )
State 3 classes of Cnidarians
Hydrozoa (Hydra, Obelia)
Scyphozoa ( Aurelia)
Anthozoa ( Actinia-sea anemones, Corallium-corals)
Name six cells that can be found in the epidermis of a Hydra
- Musculo-epithelial cell This cell acts as a muscle for the animal and contains mioneme which enables the animal to expand and contracts.
- Interstitial cells Has the ability to become any type of cell. eg. sperm, egg etc.
- Cnidocyte
- called the stinging cell.
contains stinging ‘thread capsules’ or nematocyst.
- The cnidocil is the trigger which will release the nematocyst when activated (touch or chemicals).
- when stimulated, a nematocyst releases a coiled, hollow threads which can entangle or penetrate prey, paralysing the prey.
4. Sensory cell - : to receive stimulus.
5. Nerve cell - : to transmit impulse.
6. Mucous cell - secrete mucous which acts as an adhesive to attach the animal to the base.
What does gastrodermis layer in Hydra sp. consists of?
nutritive-muscle cells
enzymatic gland cells.
• Both cells have flagella and play an important role in the digestive process.
How does Hydra sp. reproduces?
Asexual reproduction
- budding.
- Bodywall including the gastrovascular cavity evaginates outwards producing an elongation (bud).
- Next, tentacles develop at the distal end. Finally, the bud in the form of a young Hydra will detach itself from the body wall and attached itself to the base.
Sexual Reproduction of Hydra sp.
- The interstitial cells will congregate at the body wall and will develop into an ovary or testis.
- The testis is typically formed above the ovary. Only one egg will be produced by one ovary.
- When the egg enlarges, the epidermis of the ovary will rupture and the egg will be exposed.
- Sperm cells released by the testis will be carried by the water current to the egg where fertilization will take place.
- The fertilized egg will undergo cleavage and become enclosed with covering of chitin.
- When the egg becomes mature, it will detach itself from the body wall and the young Hydra will emerge from the egg.
Regeneration
• If the body of the Hydra is cut into several pieces, each of the pieces can regenerate into a complete individual.
What is the form of Obelia sp.?
polyp, live in colonies.
How does colony develops in Obelia sp?
First, it buds same as Hydra but instead of detaching itself, it remain attached to the animals to form new buds.
It continues to grow until a colony of polyps are formed.
Among the colony, there’s epidermis, mesoglea and gastrovascular cavity
What are the part of the colony of Obelia sp?
- Hydranth (feeding polyp) - part consisting of mouth & tentacles.
- Hydrocaulus - stalk or stem of the polyps.
- Hydroriza (stolon)
- the part which attaches the colony to base. - Coenosarc - layer of living tissue covering the hydrocaulus.
- Perisarc - layer of non-living tissue covering the coenosarc and giving support to the colony.
- Hydrotheca - layer of perisarc covering the hydranth.
- Gonotheca - layer of perisarc covering the reproductive polyp or gonozooid.
Two types of polyps can be found in the hydroid colony:
- Feeding polyp (gastrozooid) - obtains food for the colony.
- Reproductive polyp (gonozooid)
- produce medusa buds. The medusa buds are produced by asexual reproduction from the blastostyle.
When the eggs and sperms of the male and female medusa is fertilized, a larvae will form which is called?
Planula which will attach itself to base and then develop to a new polyp.
What form/ shape class schyphozoa & anthozoa are?
Scyphozoa- medusa
Anthozoa- polyp
Do animals in Kingdom Protista, Phylum Protista and Cnidaria posses body cavity?
NO
- they don’t have true organs and primitive
Do animals in Phylum Platyhelminthes have body cavity?
NO
- but have true organs hence they are called ACOELOM
What is mesenchyma?
• Mesenchyma tissue contains many cells in various developmental stages which will finally become connective tissue (bones, blood, cartilage etc in higher animals)
Does animals in Phylum Nematoda have body cavity?
Kinda
- They have false body cavity/ pseudocoelom
Does phylum Annelida and onwards have true coelom?
o yea but organ does not remain freely but bounded by peritoneum.
How to know phylum platyhelminthes?
They are flatworms
Give some general characteristics of platyhelminthes
- Bilateral symmetrical
- Triploblastic ( ecto, meso, endo )
- Excretion and osmoregulation through an organ called protonefridia.
- It has a nervous system with a primitive brain.
- Some species are free-living and some are parasites.
- Hermaphrodite animals.
- It has only one opening in the alimentary canal i.e. mouth.
Name three main classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria eg. Dugesia sp. (free-living)
Class Trematoda eg. Fasciola sp. (endoparasite)
Class Cestoda eg. Taenia sp. (endoparasite)
Class Turbellaria have flapping ears called
Auricles
How does endoparasite, class trematoda adapt themselves?
to adhere inside the host called the ventral sucker
to extract food called the oral sucker.
The body is covered by a thick and resistant cuticle to withstand from being dissolved by the host body fluids.
Name the three parts of the body of Taenia sp.
Scolex ( head )
Short neck
Strobila ( Tape )
- have segments( proglotid) by transverse constriction
- oldest ( end ), youngest ( next to neck )
How does the zygotes/ fertilized eggs of Taenia sp hatch into tapeworms?
It need to enters the intestine of the host animal first, then they become oncosphere
What is the general characteristics of Nematoda? Hint: They have false coelom (pseudocoelom) & roundworms
The body is shaped like a cylinder, tapering at both ends.
It has a complete alimentary system from the mouth to the anus.
The mouth has lips.
It has a false coelom (pseudocoelom). Digested food is absorbed directly into the intestinal wall which then diffuses into the coelomic fluid and goes to the cells of the body.
It has a more advanced form of excretory organ ie. metanefridia.
Majority of the species are dioecious. The male can be distinguished by its posterior end being curled and smaller in size than the females.
The body is covered by a layer of cuticle.
Phylum Annelida is also known as
Segmented worms
How does Annelids carry out excretion?
By organ nefridia
Describe the segments of Annelids
- each segments are called metamers
- segments seperated by septums
- the segments are are the same and this condition is called metamerism
How can annelids be divided?
head region ( prostomium ) ( old )
segmented body region
posterior end ( pygidium ) - anus situated (new)
- vice versa w the tapeworms -
Name 3 classes of phylum Annelida
- class polychaeta
- class oligochaeta
- class hirudinea
Describe the body of a Neries sp
It has a distinct head where sense organs i.e eyes, antenna and palp can be found.
Each metamer has a pair of appendage called the parapodia ( tiny legs )
The functions of parapodia : locomotion and gaseous exchange.
Long bristles (chaetae) can be found at the parapodia.
How does Neries sp. reproduce?
- dioecious ( the eggs& sperms carried by water current)
- once fertilized, eggs> larva (trochophore)
Describe Phylum Mollusca ( shelled animals )
- soft, unsegmented, coelom
- has mantle, food, head(except bivalves), mantle cavity
- enclosed in CaCO3 shells except squid, cuttlefish, octopus
- the oral cavity contains chitinized teeth, called the radula (to bite, tear, and scrape various food materials).
- excretion: metanefridia
What is the general characteristics of Arthropods?
- exoskeleton
- outer covering ( chitin ) not entirely but segmented
- segments joined tgt which become the joints
Arthropods’ exoskeleton made them a successful group. Why?
- support
- waterproof
- prevent loss of water
- protection
- muscle attachment
- modified to become various organs
Phylum Echinodermata is also known as
Spiny skin ( CaCO3)
What are the main characteristics of Phylum Chordata?
Notochord
skeletal rod of the animal during the embryonic stage. In vertebrates, the notochord becomes the vertebral column.
A Pair of Gill-Slits (Pharyngeal Gill Slits)
Fishes - gills are used for respiration; therefore present until adults.
Higher vertebrates - gill-slits are present only during the embryonic stage.
A Dorsal Tubular Nerve Cord
The nerve cord of chordates differs from most other animals in which, it is located dorsally, hollow and single.
In vertebrates, the anterior end of the nerve cord is modified to form the brain (protected by cranium) and spinal cord (protected by vertebral column).
All 3 characteristics are present during the embryonic stage of the animal.
In the adult stage - may be present, absent or modified.
Phylum Chordata is divided into 4 subphyla. Name them.
- Hemichordata
- Urochordata
- Cephalochordata
- Vertebrata
Describe Class Ostracodermi, Agnatha & Placodermi. Whether they are jawless or not
Ostracodermi, Agnatha- No jaws
Placodermi- Has jaws
Osteichthyes is a bony fishes. What else?
- it provide excellent support
- effective storage of calcium
- gill opening > operculum
- no claspers
Chondrichthyes is a cartilaginous fish and can be divided to two orders. What is it?
Order Selachii- sharks (5-7 gill slits)
Order Batoidea- rays ( gill slits> ventral part)
Is amphibia exothermic or endodermic?
Exothermic (cold blooded)
Amphibia is basically generalised as the frogs. What can you describe from a frog?
- They have moist skin(secrete mucous to prevent dryness)
- No scales
- Eyes membrane- nictitating membrane to moisturise the cornea
- extensible muscular tongue
- respiration- moist skin
- lay eggs ( oviparous )
- water needed for reproduction
Is Reptiles exothermic or endodermic?
Exothermic
Reptiles are basically snakes, crocodile. What can you describe from them?
- dry scales, subcutaneous glands are absent to prevent respiration on skin
- kidney can conserve water. they can reabsorbs water released during excretion and osmoregulation
- heart 3 chambered or 4
- big lungs to increase gas exchange
- oviparous- eggs
- some have nictitating membrane
Cleidoic eggs are basically eggs but they have food material inside them for the development of embryo. What else can you tell?
- eggs from CaCo3
- eventually hatch to a miniature of the parents
- shell have minute pores for respiration
- has amnion for protection ( watery fluid )
Are aves endothermic or exothermic?
Endothermic ( hemeothermic or warm blooded)
Aves are birds, of course. What else can you tell?
- anterior limbs - has wings, streamlined with feathers for flight
- posterior limbs- walking, swimming,perching.
- legs have scales.
- light feathers, can protect body and decrease water or heat loss
- hollow bones.
sternum - attachment of muscles.
lungs- small and efficient with thin walled extention ( air sacs)
- 4 chambered hearts- enough metabolic rate to fly
- smell reduced but eyes become advanced
- jaws>beaks
- excretory product-semisolid uric acid
- oviparous
Mammals are endothermic or exothermic?
endothermic
Mammalia is basically the same as let’s say, cats. What can you tell?
- skin covered with hairs
- mammals in water- have fat layers
- has mammary glands
- sebaceous glands/ sweat glands
- viviparous ( give birth, offspring inside the body)
- complex nervous system
- advanced, complex brain( large cerebrum & outer gray region cerebral cortex)
- ears> three small bones, malleus, incus and stapes
How does heterodont teeth system works?
consisting of different type of teeth (incisors, canine, premolars and molars).
Milk teeth in the young changed only once with permanent teeth in adults.
Modern mammals are classified into 3 subclass. Name it
-Holotheria young lap up milk from mammary glands -Metatheria has pouch(marsupium) -Eutheria placental mammalian -inside body of the mother until embryogenic development is completed - Has 16 orders.
