Animal Characteristics Flashcards
The Holstein
The largest of the dairy breeds
Characteristic black and white- recessive red
95% of diary cows in the US, only about 20% are registered
3.5% milk fat
Came from Netherlands and Northern Germany
Holstein-Friesan
The Jersey
Originates from Island of Jersey
One of oldest purebred breeds
Imported around 1870-1880
Smallest of diary breeds, darkly pigmented skin and black muzzles
Efficient use of feed, excellent grazing abilities, longest productive lifespan
Milk fat-4.7%= 20% more cheese, 30% more butter
5% of dairy cows in US, 4th in milk production
Brown Swiss
Originated in Alps of Switzerland
Vary in solid shades of brown, nose characteristically black with light colored band around muzzle
Early classification as duel purpose due to heavy muscling- today more refined for diary
Heifers matures slower, but heat resistant
Second in average milk production- 3rd most popular
Rang around 4.1% milk fat- desired for cheese production due to protein content and fat to protein ratio
The Guernsey
Originated on Island of Guernsey, developed by monks
Fawn with clearly defined white markings
Skin yellow pigment
Early maturing breed- noted for producing yellow milk with high fat content- 4.5%, 5th milk production
Color result of increased concentrations of B-carotene (precursor to Vit A)
Consume 20-30% less feed/lb of milk than larger breeds, 4th most popular in US
The Ayrshire
Origins in Ayrshire County- SW Scotland
Preferred coloring red and white- range from solid white or light to deep brown with white
Known for well attached udder, sturdy legs and feet, excellent grazing ability
Offspring with lots of vigor and easy to care for
Third in milk production, 5th in US
Milk fat- 3.8% (4th)
The Shorthorn
Developed in England
Triple purpose breed- meat, mil, and draft for early US settlers, since been adapted for either meat of milk, brought over to the 1600s
Milking Shorthorns a distinct breed since 1969
Red, white, or combination
Adaptability, under refinement in US
Last in milk production and popularity in US
Today, dairy farms are concentrated in the _____ and ______ with _____ areas offering the advantage of _______ relative to other areas
North and West, Wester- reduced cost of production and larger herd sizes
Top 10 states in milk production
California, Wisconsin, NY, Pennsylvania, Idaho, Minnesota, New Mexico, Michigan, Texas, Washington
The two states that have milk production greater than population demands:
Idaho- proximity to West Cost allows excess product to be shipped
Wisconsin- historically maintained strong milk production, produces majority of country’s manufactured milk products, over 1/4 total cheese produced
Since 1970 milk production per cow has increased/decreased over ___% while the number of diary cows has increased/decreased ___% and average herd size per operation has increased/decreased from ____ in 1960 to ___ in 2000
Milk production- increased 50%
Number of cows- decreased 24%
Average herd size- increased, 25-88
A traditional diary consists of ___________ cows- equate to _______. Traditional dairying systems account for ____% of US milk production. Dominate the industry in which two states
less than 200 cows, equate to the average herd size a family could accommodate and still retain satisfactory living standards while maintaining a functioning farm, including growing feed for the cattle
32.5% total US milk production
Pennsylvania- 74%, Wisconsin- 56%
Operations that exceed \_\_\_\_ cows are classified as \_\_\_\_ and subject to \_\_\_\_\_. Represent \_\_\_% of total milk production These enterprises represent\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Often grow/buy feed Usually found where? Dominates in which two states?
500 cows, concentrated animal operations, regulation by the EPA, 54.9%
family farms or family corporations, but are specialized in the production of milk
Buy majority or all of feed
Found in newly emerging dairy states- California, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Idaho, Florida, California and Idaho0 92% milk production
Benefits of large systems:
Adopt business techniques, management strategies, and labor-saving technologies that small operations cannot afford- results in lower milk production costs
Traditional dairy operations- producers often belong to _______
Cooperatives- assemble and distribute milk to processors and manufacturers
Both traditional and large dairy conglomerates are predominantly______
Family owned and operated
Grazing systems are defined as:
__% of herds greater than 500
__% of herds less than 500
those that meet 30% of the animals forage needs by grazing and provide fresh pasture at least once very three days, often seasonal
1% herds greater than 500
10% herds less than 500
Types of diary management operation includes _______ and ______
traditional confinement systems, grazing -based system
Traditional confinement systems make up ___% of diary operations. Benefits and Draw back
90%
Females maintained in various stages of lactation- allow for continual income, greater rate of milk production
Greater cost of labor, increased capital investment, associated with increased feet and leg problems
Two most common types of diary housing systems?
Tie stall/stanchion (49%, typically used by small herds, less than 100 head) and Free stall barns (32.6%, larger herds)
Over __% of diary operations milk cows ___x daily
90%, 2x
Four common styles of milking parlors:
Herringbone, parallel, side opening, polygon
The most popular milking parlor: used by ___% of dairy operations
herringbone, 50%
Roll of Dairy Cattle
$34 billion industry
11% total agriculture, 22% animal agriculture
Primary Products from dairy
Dried milk, Cultured produces, condensed and evaporated milk, butter, cheese, frozen deserts, fluid milk (32%)
Secondary Product: meat
When were most of the dairy breeds imported into the US?
1870
The two types of beef cattle breeds:
Purebred: purity of ancestry; stock purposes, represent purity of breed
Commercial- crossbred, not registered or pedigreed; most US cattle
British breeds (beef cattle)
(Bos Taurus) Angus, Hereford, and Shorthorn
Maternal- fertility, longevity, milk production
Earlier maturity, less muscular
Over 900 breeds
Also known for increased marbling
The Angus
Official name: Aberdeen-Angus
Originated in the shires of Aberdeen and Angus in Scotland, developed exclusively for meat
Black and red in color, each a different breed registry, red is just recessive, red thrive better in arid climates
Black most popular in US (Red #6)
Vigorous, preform well in feedlot, known for producing a high-quality carcass and well-marbled meat
The Herford
Originated in England
Red with white faces, have white on legs, abdomen, and tail
Separate registries for polled and unpolled
Vigorous, hardy, adapt well to range environments, docile, east to manage
Often used in crossbreeding: white pattern (especially white face) predominates
Forage efficiency
Continental breeds (beef cattle)
(Bos taurus) Simmental, Limousin, Charolais
Paternal (terminal) growth rate, muscular, lean, large mature size
Dual- purpose (maternal and paternal traits)
Simmental
Originated in Simmen Valley, Switzerland
First duel-purpose
Range of colors, and patters, polled or not
Large, generally docile, adaptable to variety of climates
Rapid growth rate, think muscling, lean carcasses, and milk production
Considered triple purpose today due to large size, draft
4th most popular in US
Limousin
7,000 years ago in Limousin, France Oldest of domesticated cattle Soldiers from WWII- "golden cattle of France" 1968 introduced into US Red, gold, or black Large loin area and leanness of carcass 5th most popular in US
Charolais
Central France near Charolais
One of oldest French breeds
Pink skin, white-light straw color coat
Large, heavy-muscled, polled or horned
Rapid body weight in feedlots, lean, red, tender meat, often used in crossbreeding programs
3rd most popular in US- have the greatest impact on the beef industry
Zebu
(Bos indicus)- Brahman is the main breed
Greatest genetic influence world-wide; most beef in the world comes from Zebu
heat and insect tolerant, adaptable to warm environments
Later puberty, low growth rate, less muscling
Characterized by distinctive hump from spinal process, extended dewlap, large drooping ears
Most influential Bos indicus breed:
American brahman
American Brahman
originate form aprox 266 bulls and 22 cows from India
light gray to red to almost black
13th most popular in US as pure breed, crucial to creation of crosses of Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds
Brahman influenced beef most prevalent in souther regions
tend to reach puberty at a later age, reduced growth rate, less muscling
Brandus
5/8 Angus, 3/8 Brahman
recognized as pure breed with own registry
9th most popular breed
Beefmaster
50% Brahman, 25% Herford and Shorthorn
10th most popular
Waygo
Japanese delicacy beef breed
Just 1-50 cows/operation
Increased marbling, high in n3, n6 fatty acids
Raising considered and art form
Scottish highlander
Fluffy looking breed of beef cattle
Very hearty
Texas Longhorn
Breed of beef cattle, relative to shorthorn
1927- Texas started breed preservation programs
State of beef industry in US
91 million cows in the US in 2012, 30 mill production cattle, only 29 mill cows recorded in 2013, slight decline due to droughts
Largest states for beef produciton
Texas- 13%
Kansas, Nebraska- 7%
California, Oklahoma- 6%
Life cycle Cow-calf production
6-7 year production life (15-20 year life span)
First breeding: 15 mo
Calving: 24 mo (spring) forage for location right before calving
Weaning: 5-9 mo (Fall) 400-700 lbs
Target rebreeding: 6-9 mo, takes longer for beef cows when calf is on her
Puberty: 12-13 month
Market age: 18-24 mo (management plays the biggest role in deciding market age)
Beef cattle management system
Horizontal integration
Seedstock producers–> Brood stock
Cow-calf producers–> heavy calves and light calves
Light calves –> stocker operations for growing
Calves–> feedlots for finishing –> finished animals–> slaughter and packer facilities —> meat and by-products go to retailers and consumers
All culled animals from first two stages go to slaughter and package facilities
Cow calf producers: ___% made up of 500 head, making up ____% of the market
90% 500 head, 14.5% market
Average herd size
47 head (800,000 producers)
Two top cow-calf producers
#1) Florida-Desert citrus, 43,000 head #2) Idaho Simplot, 27,000 head, also grow potatos
50 Largest feedlots own ___% of the market share (beef)
65%
5 major packers (beef) own ___% of market share
85%
What is the importance of feedlots in beef production
Cows finished on grain , 10-14% roughage (rumen needs roughage for metabolic system, calf spends 60-200 days
Now is a good time to be in which operation in the beef cattle market
Stocker- use alternative feed stuff- grain is expensive
Roll of beef cattle industry
20% total agg, 40% for all agg animals; $188 bill industry, direct ($45 bill)
Good things come from cattle
567.8 lb retail beef Pharmaceuticals Inedible byproducts Edible byproducts Variety meats (sweetbread- thymus, tripe- stomach linings)
Characteristics of Cattle: \_\_ chromosomes \_\_\_ estrus cycle \_\_\_ gestation \_\_\_\_\_ lactation \_\_\_\_ labor \_\_\_ return to estrus Puberty: Body Temp: Pulse rate: Birth wt: consumption: Weaning wt: Mature wt:
60 chromosomes 19-21 days estrus cycle
275-285 days gestation, 140-320 d lactation
2-4 hr labor 30-90 d return to estrus
Puberty: 12 m (male) 10 m (female)
Body Temp: 101.5
Pulse rate: 40-70 bpm
Birth wt:70 lb
consumption:1-3% body wt (dry matter basis)
Weaning wt: 400-500 lb
Mature wt: male- 1500-2000 lb, female- 1000-1300 lb
Ewe (maternal) breeds
White faced, fine to medium wool, excel in: length of breeding season, wool production, longevity, milk production, fertility
Breeds: Marino, Rambouillet, Fin
The Marino
developed during roman empire in Spain
most influential breed of sheep
crucial role the foundation breed for development of all other fine wool breeds
Spain- finest provider of Marino wool
Medium body, high quality white fleece, thrives on poor grazing land, strong flocking instincts
US Marinos- characterized by excess skin- increased surface area, classified as A, B, and C according to size and quanityt of wool
A and B types- heavy- creates difficulty sheering, lower fleece quality
C- Delain Marino: medium size, less folds
The Rambouillet
Originated in France, developed from Spanish Marino lines
Selected for greater size
US importation- 1840, 50% US crossbred sheep population influenced by Rambouillet
7th most popular US
Prevalent in Western states, preferred producer of fine wool
Fast growing, high quality white fleece, adequately muscled–> (duel classification as maternal and duel-breed)
Finnsheep
aka Finnish Landrace, originated in Finland
Limited importation but growing popularity
Renowned for multiple births, 3 or more offspring per lambing
Reduced growth rate, mature at early age, small mature size
Polled, medium quality wool
High yielding fleece
Utilized in crossbreeding programs to improve reproductive characteristics
Ram (paternal) breeds
Meat breeds, most common are black faced, excel in carcass traits, growth rate
Classified by offspring market weight- heavy, medium, light
Suffolk and Hampshire popular US breeds
The Suffolk
Southern England, southdown and Norfolk Horned sheep
Most popular breed in US registries
White woolen, characterized by black face, ears, and legs
Heavy breed, large bodied, polled, display prominent muscled offspring
Light-weight quality fleece that contains black fibers- detract form market value
The Hampshire
England, imported prior to Civil War
2nd most popular in US
REsemble Suffolk in size and marking
Tend to be smaller, dark brown face, ears and legs
Wool extends onto legs and head, similar quality, little market value
Efficient utilizers of forage, rapid growth weight of lambs (+1 lb/day or more till marketing)
Dual-purpose sheep breeds
Produce wool and meat of acceptable quality
Lesser quality relative to maternal and paternal breeds
Dorset, Polypay, Columbia
Dorset
Longer estrus
3rd most popular US breed
with face, ear, legs
polled or horned
Ewes: known of prolificacy, milk production, ability to breed out of season
Most demand of out of season lamb- easter US, Dorset raised on east side of Mississippi River
Medium grade wool, carcass traits average
The Polypay
Developed in US: Finn x Rambouillet x Targhee x Dorset
Goal- lifetime prolificacy, production of rapidly growing lambs, and high quality carcass
Polypay- more than two paying goods per year, fleece and two lambs
Early maturity, medium size, white face, legs, and ears
The Columbia
American developed sheep
Rambouillet ewes x Lincoln rams
Goal of breed development- replace cross-breeding practices on the range by providing a true breeding type that maximized wool and lamb production
Well suited to NW regions, adequately suited to Midwest pastures
Ewes: adequately fertile, good mothers, produces acceptable market lambs
Hair breeds (sheep)
Used for either or both maternal and paternal traits, arid climates- little need for wool, hair more primitive trait (mouflon)
Hair fibers- naturally shed, no need to sheer
tropical sheep have exceptional fertility rates, viability, parasite resistance, extended breeding seasons
reduced growth rates, lighter mature weights, reduced carcass merit
Katahdin
most popular hair breed of sheep in US
Developed in Maine
African Hair Sheep x Tunis
Good for land management
Dairy sheep breeds
US does not have enough diary breeds to support demand
Most popular breed: East Friesian (not in US)
400-1100 lb milk/year
US sheep dairy breeds
Dorset, Polypay, and Rideau Arcott (developed in Canada)
Rideau Arcott- triplets every 8 months
US Sheep Industry
Decline: 51 mill sheep 1800- 5 mill today
Sheep production: Texas- 16%, California- 10%, Wyoming, Colorado- 7%, not raised for wool, 1.5 mill market lambs/year
Wool Production: 32 mill lb 2008, same states
$532 mill industry, .2% total agriculture, .4% animal agriculture
Life cycle of sheep
8-15 year life span, 6-7 year productive life 1st breeding: 7-9 mo (fall) Lambing: (spring) 5 m Weaning: around 3 mo (large range) Market age: 5-6 mo Puberty: 7-9 mo
Classification of lamb
Hot house: <12 mo
Yearling: ~12 mo- 1 break, 1 spool
Mutton: 24 mo/ 2 spool joints
Classified by age and joints
Why is the sheep industry declining?
1) Competition among synthetics
2) Decreased consumer demand post WWII
3) Lower returns/investment
4) Uncertainty over grazing public lands
5) Predation
6) Seasonal production and fluctuation in income
7) Inconsistency in market and fluctuation- no standardization
Which animals can be used to flock sheep?
Dogs, donkeys, and llamas
Llamas easily adopt a flock, live longer than most dogs, must be gelded or will try and mate with the ewes
___ of all losses in the sheep industry are caused by predation.
1/3, most common- coyotes- 61%
Two type of sheep operation in US
Farm flocks: 70% of producers, contribute to 30# of market, eastern US
Range: contribute to 70% of market, open range by shepards
Good things come from sheep:
wool, ecology (like to eat invasive plants), meat, dairying
US imports ___ lb of sheep milk and produces ___ lb
60-70 mill imported, 1.5 mill produced
A cow uses ___ lb of milk to produce ___ lb of cheese, a sheep uses ___ lb of milk to produce ___ lb of cheese
100 lb milk= 10 lb cheese for cows
100 lb milk= 25 lb cheese for sheep
It would cost $___/acre to use an herbicide, but only $___/acre to use sheep to manage land
35$/acre, $0.60/acre
Sheep Characteristics \_\_ chromosomes \_\_\_ estrus cycle \_\_\_ gestation \_\_\_\_\_ lactation Puberty: Body Temp: Birth wt: Weaning wt: Mature wt: Eggs/ovulation
54 chromosomes 16-17d estrus cycle 147 d gestation 60-120 d lactation Puberty: 7-9 mo Body Temp: 102-103 Birth wt: 8-9 mo Weaning wt: 40-100 lb Mature wt: 150-400 lb (male) 120-300 lb (female) Eggs/ovulation: 1-3 meat- singletons, maternal- commonly have twinns
Meet breeds of goats
Recently established due to growing demand
Adaptable, capable of producing adequate muscling from foraging
Horned, larger on males than females
3 US breeds: Boer, Kiko, Spanish
The South African Boer
goat, greatest influence on US goat meat industry
Dutch word for farmer
Adaptability, rapid growth rate, high rates of gain averaging 150-170 grams/day, improved carcass quality, early maturity
Twinning common, females capable of three kiddings/2 years
Red head w/ floppy ears and white body, variety of color variations
The Kiko
Goat, Developed in New Zealand- specific purpose of meat production
In US: known for ability to produce meat on pasture without supplemental feeding
Preforms well in arid and mountain climates, perform well in S US, where Boers don’t do well
The Spanish
Goat developed from feral population in S US
Hardy, adaptable, able to survive under more harsh climate
Originally used to clear brush
Breed selected for improved carcass quality, often crossbred with Boer for commercial meat goat production
Meat goat production in the US has increased/decreased ___% between 1999-2010, with ___ herds of 30 head in 2013
increased 68%, Texas- 40%, medium herd: 10-99 head
Dairy goat breeds
Alpine, La Manch, Nubian, Obebasli, Saanen, and Toggenburg
The Nobian
most popular dairy goat breed in US
developed from British goats
not noticed for high producing breed (1600 lb milk/year) but has greatest milk fat, 4.6%
The Alpine
second most popular goat breed, average milk production 2,000 lb/year, milk fat 3.5%, less tolerant of arid climates
The undercoat fiber produced by all goats except ______ is called ______
Cashmere, not produced by angora
The Angora
Fiber goat, known for mohair production, classified into types A,B,C. C- ringlet hair, B- flat lock
Mohair, important commodity in 19th century
Modern angoras come from crossbreed to increase size
The Cashmere
breed of fiber goats developed for increased quantity of cashmere
Shed once annually, produce average 2.5 lbs of fleece, only 20% cashmere
Dwarf goats
common companion animals for humans and horses
compact, well muscled bodies, proportionately short legs
Popular US: Pygmy and Nigerian
Pygmy
Dwarf goat
Popular companion breed in US, originally diary goats (500 lbs milk/year)
Non-seasonal breeders
Nigerian
Dwarf goat
distinguished from pygmy by conformation are bred to have a body structure similar to that of other dairy goat breeds
Dairy goat production in the US has increased/decreased by ___% between 1997-2001, and ___% between 2002-2007. THe largest states are:
increased, 54%, 15%
California, Wisconsin, Iowa
The diary goat industry is dominated by _____ and about ___% of goats are milked by parlor
females and people over 55, 50%
Fiber goat production is increasing/decreasing; and the largest state is:
declining, Texas
Disadvantage of the goat industry
Decreased income, less than 1000 farms report returns >$50,000, disadvantage for young generations
Benefits of goat milk
can be consumed by some with cow milk allergies, easier to consume so marketed to young and elderly
Good things come from goats
dairy, biotechnology, meat, week control (manage kodzu), companions (cheap), fiber
Goat Characteristics \_\_ chromosomes \_\_\_ estrus cycle \_\_\_ gestation \_\_\_\_\_ lactation Body Temp: Birth wt: Puberty: Weaning age: Mature wt:
60 chromosomes 17-21 d estrus cycle 145-155d gestation 10 mo lactation Body Temp: 102-105 Birth wt: 6 lbs Puberty: 7-10 months Weaning age: 8-12 we, (3 days, dairy) Mature wt: 110-200 (female) 120-300 (male) Eggs/ovulation: 1-4 Length of live: 12-14 years
Maternal swine breeds
Typically white
excel in litter size, fertility, and milk production
recent years, improvements in growth rate and carcass quality have been realized
Yorkshires, Landrace, and Chenster White
The Yorkshire
Leading pig breed in US registry England known as Large White Brought to Ohio Erect ears, dished face Known for durability and soundness Excel in lean meat production, reduced backfat, and muscular stature
The Landrace
Denmark: native pigs x Yorkshire
4th most popular pig breed in US
Mainly white
Droopy ears, known for body length, muscling in ham and loin, and ability to farrow and raise large litters
Chester White
Characterized by medium sized drooping ears
Prolificacy, early maturing, adaptability
7th in US
Paternal swine breeds
Typically colored
excel in leanness, muscling, increased growth rates
Duroc, Hampshire, Spotted, and Berkshire
The Duroc
development occurred in Ohio Solid red in color Drooping ears Rapid growth and maturity, heavy muscling in ham and loin area, good finishing ability Second most popular
The Hampshire
Origin uncertain
Color pattern similar to English Saddleback
Developed in Kentucky
Black body with white belt the encompasses the shoulder area
Leanness, carcass quality, reduced back-fat, increased loin area
Adapt well of outdoor environments
3rd most popular
The Spotted
Indiana
Rapid growth rates, improved feed efficiencies, desirable meat qualities
Spotted black and white pattern
The Berkshire
Paternal breed of pig
Smaller litter sizes, lesser growth rates and feed efficiency, and greater fat depositions than other breeds
Meat quality is considered exceptional with darker well marbled pork, tender and palatable
Consumers willing to pay 40-70% more for certified Berkshire pork
6th most popular breed
Poland China
Paternal swine breed, important in development of the Spotted, comes from Ohio
Markedly similar in appearance to to Berkshire, ears not erect
Exceptional feeders, heaviest of all swine no matter the age
Prolific litter sizes
Carcass of high percent lean
Dark color of sire masked by white of maternal breed
8th most popular
What percent of marketed swine are crossbred
90%
What region of the US accounts for most of the swine production?
The Midwest (Iowa-30%) Exception: North Carolina- 15%
The number of swine production facilities has increased/decreased over the last 30 years but he size of the operations has increased/decreased
decreased- 90%, increased
Life of a Pig
10-15 year life span, productive life span 1-12 litters
First breeding: 8 mo (aren’t bred at first estrus)
Farrowing (114 d gestation)
Weaning: 3-6 weeks- large market variation, grow fastest if on sow for first three weeks, after 3 wks, need supplement nutrition
Market age: 5-7 mo, mark weight- 250 lbs
Puberty- 6 mo
Typical production systems in swine production and alternatives:
1) Sow in gestation crate, which can be adjusted for sow, during entire gestation
2) 1-2 days before farrowing moved to farrowing crate- minimizes mortality
3) 2-3 wk old- offspring moved to nursing area: provided supplement nutrients and heat
4) Grow-finishing area around 30-35 lbs, normally split sex, around 250 lbs- go to market
Alternatives: Group housing- sow in gestation crate 45 days to let embryo settles, then moved to group housing. Outdoor system
Swine industry in the US
$21.8 billion industry, 6% all agriculture, 11% all animal
Swing characteristics \_\_ chromosomes \_\_\_ estrus cycle \_\_\_ gestation \_\_\_\_\_ lactation \_\_\_\_ labor \_\_\_ return to estrus Eggs/ovulation: Puberty: Body Temp: Pulse rate: Weaning wt: Litters/year:
38 chromosomes 19-21 d estrus cycle 114 d gestation 21-42 d lactation 15-20 min b/n pigs labor 3-7 d return to estrus Eggs/ovulation: 10-20 Puberty:6-8 mo Body Temp: 101.5 Pulse rate: Weaning wt: 10-20 lbs Litters/year: 2.3
Good things come from pigs
Companion animals Animal model Meat Consumer products (crayons, buttons, upholstery, pet food) Medicinal products Xenotransplantation
The Cornwall England (Cornish)
The paternal line for the broiler chickens
Very good meat production- low feather warmth so low fertility
The Plymouth Rock
Maternal line for broilers
Two varieties- white and barred
Brings fertility to the broiler strain
White leghorn
Predominant layer hen, has the greatest genetic impact on layers
250-300 eggs/year
Known for xanthophyls, come from carotenoids- lead to yellow color of legs and beak, when in production, pigment deposited on eggs, so legs and beaks get bleached
2 strains
Rhode Island Red
Second major layer hen
Brown eggs
Duel purpose, less efficient than white egss
Aracauna
specialty breed of chicken
small yolk size- eggs with less cholesterol
commonly confused with American (no link in ancestry)- and both are confused as Easter Eggers because they can lay eggs with blue/green and red/brown pigments
rumpless
Silky
specialty breed of chicken
longer barbs in feathers and lacks barbules, gives feathers fluffy look
Some transgenic research down with barbed rock or RI Red
Cochen
Come in white, and yellow
Feathers come down legs and b/w toes
Good mothers- used for conservation
180 eggs/year
Frizzle
Cochen w/ frizzle gene
Found in many species
Feathers don’t lie flat –> poor temp. regulation
Bronze
Two versions: Improved: large breast muscle, and unimproved
Broad-Breasted White
Not a recognized breed
Bronze x White
commercial importance - Thanksgiving
can’t mate naturally
Embolden
Triple purpose: meat, eggs, and feathers (45 eggs/year)
Come to maturity early
One of first breeds imported into US from Germany,
Greylag goose
Wild ancestor of American and European domestic geese
Toulous goose
From France
Largest, heightened by loose feathering
The African goose
originated from swan goose
knowns for protuberance on its head
Rapid growth rate and early maturity, however limited by dark pin-feathers
Multi-purpose: meat, eggs, show, and guard animals
The Pekin
Aflack duck, specialized meat breed, very large
Mucovy
only meet breed duck not descendent from the mallard
doesn’t need water
Duck leg laying breeds:
Kahki Campbell- 250 eggs/year, number one in egg production
Indian runner duck- much smaller than the Kahki, 2nd in egg production
Ratites
Emus and Ostriches
Emu- 125-140 lbs, 1 mill birds, from Australia
Ostrich: 300-400 lbs, 1000 farms, 100,000 birds, Africa
Rhea- South America
Nick market in US, marketed 13 wks of age, 95% marketable
Mead: federally inspected, closer to beef, lean product, normally sold ground
Broiler Production- industry trends
dominated in SE US (Georgia, Arkansas, Alabama)- affordability of raising, chap land, buildings, large cheep labor force
3 fold increase in consumption since 1960
Tyson #1
Vertical integration
Layer Production- industry trends
Iowa and Ohio, market controlled by companies w/ over 1 mill birds, ship out a lot of the dark meat
91.9 billion eggs in 2011, 345 million layers
Call-Maine #1 in egg producers
Turkey production- industry trends
No geographic center (Minnesota- 17%, N Carolina-15%)
14-17 wks age (15-28 lbs) market
70% of turkey is processed
Life of a broiler
Breeder and multiplier flocks- broiler production –> hatchery –> contract or company grow-out farms –> processing plant (further processing plants) –> marketing and distribution
Feed mills provide for breeder and multiplier flocks and hatcheries
Life of a layer
Hens: breeder flocks –> hatchery –> grow out (16-18 wks of age, birds more to layer facility, controlled environment, lots of light, start laying @ 20 wks) –> Egg production –> bird processing –> other food products
Eggs: egg assemble packer –> wholesale distributer –> egg products or retail
Production systems for poultry
Specialized collection for eggs before hatching to allow for uniform hatching time (65 degrees delay embryo development)
Broiler: elongated house that holds up to 64,000 birds, have completely automated system for food, water and meds, collection done manually during colder temps
Layers: Battery cage system, cage free, free range
Role of poultry industry in US economy
$35.6 bill industry direct, 12% of all agriculture, 33% of animal profits
Poultry Characteristics chromosomes: time b/w ovulation's: incubations: incubating temp: brooding temp: body temp: ovulations per year: puberty: time to lay an egg: life span:
chromosomes: 78 time b/w ovulation's: 25-26 h incubations:21 d incubating temp: 99-103 brooding temp: 95- maintain chicks body temp: 104-106 ovulations per year: 260-285 puberty: 20-25 wk (absence of light delays puberty) time to lay an egg: 25-26 hr life span: 7 years (production life span of layers 1-2 years, forced molting if kept longer)
Good things come from poultry
Nutrition, medicine, sport, research
Eggs have everything except Vit D- nutrient quantities controlled by diet
Research- vitamin discorveries, toxicology
Four categories of horses:
1) light
2) draft
3) ponties
4) miniatures
Quarter horse
light breed typically muscular horses ancestor- chickasaws very versatile known to be fastest horse to run in a quarter of a mile
Thoroughbreds
light breed
used for racing
Arabian led to improvement of the breed
The Jockey Club: used to keep track of breeds in US, now require blood
Known for speed, travel in a mile and a quarter
Kentucky Club: known for allwoing only natural mating
Arabians
light breed 12-17 hands ancestor for most light breeds Middle East- "gift from God" distinct dished head led to development of AI symbol of value
Early 1900- draft breeds made up ___% of breeds for trasportation
90%
Percheron
draft breed
Comes from Le Perche, France
withstand pull for a longer time than Belgians
most common draft breed along with Belgian
Belgians
draft breed
Comes form Belgium France
Clydesdale
draft breed
very distinct white stalking
Haflinger
draft breed known for good pack animals short and stocky almost pony like recently breed has gotten large, good jumping and dressage
Shetland
pony primarily show breed, good with children, good companion strongest horse in its size bred to haul cool carts American and British
POA
Pony of America
developed for youth
born solid color- gradually change as they grow
excel in speed events
Welsh Pony
any coat pattern
smaller then shetland
move very well
good for kids
Hackney Pony
sure footed strong hearted animals top tail and long tail hard, dense bone disease resistant
Appaloosa
light horse
Developed by Nez-Perce Indians, almost disappeared in 1920s
distinct coat patterns, white circling around one of their eyes and striped hoofs
Tennessee Walking Horse
very unique gate, flat foot walk and running walk
Running walk: have an over stride in front leg of up to 40 inches
Miniature Horses
very versatile breed
38 inches and below, 150-450 lbs
few mares that are year round breeders
American trotting horse
Standardbred
Arabian x thoroughbred
two different gates
1) pace, 70%, generally faster, legs move together
2) trot, like humans, fast diagonal beat, natural
horses trained to do one or the other
5 basic coat colors
White, black, gray, bay, and brown
Tobiano
relative to American paint horse
white across their back like paint has been spilled, have gray diluter gene
Overo
horse with unique coloring pattern, solid with white patched from stomach up
Carry LWO: lethal white overo- recessive gene
75% of horses in US have this gene, fouls born completely white, blue eyes, no immunity, no colon, lack melanocytes and ganglia
Melanocytes and ganglia
melanocytes- pigment cells, ganglia- nerve cells
Horse Industry
Texas and California biggest states, uses: recreation, showing, racing, other
Life of a horse
Fooling in the spring, 336 days of gestation, meres seasonally di-setrus, need at least 16 hours of light to come into estrus weaned at 4-6 months (light horse) 1st breeding 2 years old puberty 12-17 months come into heat 7-10 days after the foul 20-30 year life span
Role of Equine industry
.5% of all agriculture, 1% of all animal, $102 bill industry, direct- $39 bill,
Indirect spending- tourism, induced spending- gambling
Light horse characteristics chromosomes: estrus cycle: gestation length: lactation length: return to estrus: labor: puls rate: body temp: puberty: birth weight: consumption: weaning weight: mature weight:
chromosomes: 64 (donkeys- 62)
estrus cycle: 21 d
gestation length: 336 d
lactation length: 3-6 months
return to estrus: 7-10 day, typically wait 30 days
labor: 1-5 hr
puls rate: 35 bpm
body temp: 99.5-101.5
puberty: male- 12-13 mo, female 12-17 mo
birth weight: varies greatly around 100 lbs
consumption: 3% body weight
weaning weight: 300-600 lbs, 6 mo (mini’s- 3 mo)
mature weight: male- 1,000-1,5000, female 1,000-1,300
