animal cell

Question 1

plasma membrane

Answer 1

regulate the passage of substances in and out of the cell

Question 2

Smooth ER

Answer 2

synthesis , storage and transportation of carbohydrates and lipids.

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

Contains most of cells genetic material (DNA) as chromatin which codes for or controls protein synthesis.
Chromatin is loosely coiled DNA wrapped around histone proteins
Transcription produces mRNA.

Question 4

Nucleolus

Answer 4

synthesis of ribosomal RNA -> instructions that help build ribosome , assembly of ribosomal subunits.

Question 5

Nuclear envelope

Answer 5

a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Question 6

Nucleoplasm

Answer 6

act as a suspension medium for the organelles within the nucleus and to support the shape and structure of the nucleus.

Question 7

nuclear pores

Answer 7

allow the transport of mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus

Question 8

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 8

modification (add sugar/ lipid or 3dimensional figure), sorting and packaging of proteins and lipids received from the ER.

Question 9

Ribosome

Answer 9

protein synthesis
not membrane bounded
made up of 2 parts : 1 larger subunit and 1 smaller subunit

Question 10

Lysosome-> only in animals : small temporary vesicles surrounded by a single membrane formed by being picked from the Golgi body.

Answer 10

contains digestive enzymes to break down worn-out organelles and cells.
-> (Intracellular digestion of macromolecules) -> phagocytes use lysosomes to digest engulfed bacteria.

Fuse with other vesicles containing substances to be digested -> These vesicles containing the substances to be digested (e.g., nutrients, damaged organelles, or invading pathogens) fuse with the lysosomes, allowing the contents to be broken down by the lysosomal enzymes.

Question 11

Rough endoplasmic reticiulum

Answer 11

major site of protein synthesis

Question 12

cytoplasm

Answer 12

1. help the cell maintain its shape-> form cell organelles
2. site of many important metabolic reactions

Question 13

centrioles
: next or close to the nucleus

Answer 13

form the spindle during cell division .

Question 14

chromatin

Answer 14

condenses before cell division to form chromosomes
condenses -> process of the chromatin becoming more tightly packed and organized into a more compact structure.

Question 15

mitochondrion

Answer 15

ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration
double membrane
cristae -> inner membrane folded to increase surface area to maximise surface available for enzyme attachment in aerobic respiration.

Question 16

Interconnected

Answer 16

1.nucleus contains chromosomes, which DNA encodes for protein. The nucleus pores -> nuclear envelope, allow mRNA to leave the nucleus and attach to the ribosomes on the RER.
2.The protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes, producing proteins in their primary structure.
3. Polypeptide chains are made on ribosomes that are moved through the RER and packaged into vesicles transported to the Golgi body.
4.Golgi body chemically modifies the protein and produces new vesicles containing the newly synthesized protein.
5. Vesicles transport the proteins around the cell.

Question 17

cilia and flagella

Answer 17

helps the animal cells move e.g. sperm