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animal Breeding > Animal breeding final > Flashcards

Animal breeding final Flashcards

1
Q

Marker assisted selection

A

Selection for specific alleles using genetic markers

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2
Q

DNA Fingerprint

A

A laboratory method for graphically characterizing an individual’s DNA, creating a unique genetic “ fingerprint”

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3
Q

Identical by decent

A

Two genes are identical by decent if they are copies of a single ancestral gene

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4
Q

Threshold Trait

A

A polygenic trait in which phenotypes are expressed in categories

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5
Q

Standard Error of Prediction

A

A measure of accuracy indicating the potential amount of future change in a prediction.

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6
Q

Expected Progeny Difference (EPD)

A

A prediction of a progeny difference

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7
Q

Genetic Trend

A

Change in the mean breeding value of a population

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8
Q

Estimated Breeding Value

A

A prediction of a breeding value

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9
Q

Repeated Trait

A

A trait for which individuals commonly have more than one performance record

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10
Q

Generation Interval (L)

A

1) The amount of time required to replace one generation with the next
2) in closed population the average age of parent when their selected offspring are born.

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11
Q

Non-Additive Gene Value

A

Gene Combination value

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12
Q

Negative Associative Mating

A

The mating of dissimilar individuals

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13
Q

Inbreeding Coefficient (Fx)

A

A measure of the level of inbreeding in an individual:

1) The probability that both genes of a pair in an individual are identical by descent.
2) The probable proportion of an individual’s loci containing genes that are identical by decent.

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14
Q

Selection Intensity

A

1) A measure of how “choosey” breeders are in deciding which individuals are selected.
2) The difference between the mean selection criterion of those individuals selected to be parents and the average selection criterion of all potential parents, expressed in standard deviation units.

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15
Q

Independent Assortment

A

The independent segregation of genes at different loci during gamete formation.

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16
Q

Positive Associative Mating

A

The mating of similar individuals

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17
Q

Gene Combination Value (GCV)

A

The part of an individual’s genotypic value that is due to the effects of gene combinations (dominance and epistasis) and cannot therefore, be transmitted from parent to offspring.

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18
Q

Selection

A

The process that determines which individuals become parents, how many offspring they produce, and how long they remain in the breeding population.

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19
Q

Individual Heterosis

A

Hybrid vigor for the direct component of a trait

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20
Q

Marker

A

A detectable gene of DNA fragment used to identify alleles at a linked locus.

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21
Q

Composite/Terminal System

A

A crossbreeding system combining a maternal composite breed for producing replacement females with terminal sires for producing market offspring.

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22
Q

Composite Breed

A

A breed made up of two of more component breeds and designed to benefit from hybrid vigor without crossing with other breeds.

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23
Q

Composite Animal

A

A hybrid with a least two and typically more breeds in its background. composites are expected to be bred to their own kind, retain a level of hybrid vigor normally associated with traditional crossbreeding system.

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24
Q

Embryo Transfer (E.T)

A

A reproductive technology in which embryos from donor females are collected and transferred in fresh of frozen form to recipient females.

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25
Q

Maternal Heterosis

A

Hybrid vigor for the maternal component of a trait

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26
Q

Terminal Sire

A

A parental-breed sire used in a terminal sire cross breeding system.

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27
Q

Connectedness

A

The degree to which data from different contemporary groups within a population can be compared as a result of pedigree relationship between animals in different groups.

28
Q

Additive genetic value
or
additive value

A

Breeding value

29
Q 
Progeny Difference (PD) 
or
Transmitting Ability (TA)
A

Half an individual’s breeding value-the expected difference between the mean performance of the individual’s progeny and the mean performance of all progeny.

30
Q

Genotypic Value (G)

A

The effect of an individuals genes ( simply and in combination) on its performance for a trait.

31
Q

Breeding Value (BV)

A

A phenotype for a simply-inherited trait is said to breed true if two parents with that phenotype produce offspring of that same phenotype exclusively

32
Q

Backcrossing

A

1) The mating of a hybrid to a purebred of a parent breed of line.
2) (Broader meaning) The mating of an individual (purebred or hybrid) to any other individual (pure or hy) with which it has one or more ancestral breeds or lines in common.

33
Q

Spatial Rotation

A

A rotational crossbreeding system in which all sire breeds are used simultaneously- they are spatially separated. replacement females leave location of their birth to be mated to sires with different breed composition.

34
Q

Retained Hybrid Vigor
or
Retained Heterosis

A

Hybrid vigor remaining in later generations of hybrids- Generations subsequent of the 1st cross(F1) generation. Retained hybrid vigor is commonly expressed as a proportion of F1 (maximum) Vigor.

35
Q

Genotypic Frequency

A

The relative frequency of a particular one- locus genotype in a population.

36
Q

Mendelian Sampling

A

The random sampling of parental genes caused by segregation and independent assortment of genes during germ cell formation, and by random selection of gametes in the formation of the embryo.

37
Q

Linked

A

The occurrence of two or more loci of interest on the same chromosome.

38
Q

Inbreeding

A

The mating of relatives.

39
Q

Selection Difference

A

The difference between the mean selection criterion of those individuals selected to be parents and the average selection criterion of all potential parents, expressed in units of the selection criterion.

40
Q

Parental Heterosis

A

Hybrid vigor for the parental component of a trait

41
Q

Mating

A

The process that determines which (selected) males are bred to which (selected) females.

42
Q

True Value

A

An unkown underlying attribute that affects animal performance. Examples include Breeding Value (BV), Progeny Difference (PD), Gene Combination Value (GCV), Producing Ability (PA), Environmental effects (E), etc…

43
Q

Genotype

A

1) The genetic makeup of an individual.
2) The combination of genes at a single locus or at a number of loci. We speak of one-locus genotype, two-locus genotype and so on.

44
Q

Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL)

A

A locus that affects a quantitative trait.

45
Q

Nucleus Transfer

A

Surgical removal of an egg’s nucleus followed by insertion of an individual cells extracted from an embryo.

46
Q 
Gene Map
or
Linkage map
or
Chromosome Map
A

A diagram showing the chromosome locations of specific genetic markers and genes of interest.

47
Q

Transgenic

A

1) Referring to gene transfer

2) An individual that has received genetic material by gene transfer.

48
Q

Rotational Crossbreeding

A

A crossbreeding system in which generations of females are “rotated” among sire breeds in such a way that they are mated to sires whose breed composition is most different from their own.

49
Q

Most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA)

A

A prediction of producing ability

-Producing ability (PA): The performance potential of an individual for a repeated trait.

50
Q

Accuracy of selection
or
Accuracy of Breeding Value Prediction

A

A measure of the strength of the relationship between true breeding values and their predictions for a trait under selection.

51
Q

Contemporary Group

A

A group of animals that have experienced a similar environment with respect to the expression of a trait. contemporaries typically perform in the same location, are of the same sex, are of similar age, and have been managed alike.

52
Q

Heritability

A

A measure of the strength of the relationship between performance and breeding value for a trait in a population.

53
Q

Repeatability

A

1) A measure of the strength of the relationship between repeated records for a trait in a population.
2) A measure of the strength of the relationship between single performance records and producing abilities for a trait in a population.
3) In dairy publications, accuracy of prediction

54
Q

Alike In State

A

Gene that are alike in state function the same and have exactly are almost exactly the same chemical structure.

55
Q

Confidence Range

A

A range of values within which we expect- with a given probability, a given degree- of confidence- that a trace value of interest lies

56
Q

Fixation

A

The point at which a particular allele becomes the only allele at its laws in a population- the frequency of the allele becomes one.

57
Q

Producing Ability (PA)

A

The performance potential of an individual for a repeated trait.

58
Q

BLUP Procedure

A

Best Linear Unbiased Prediction.
A method of genetic prediction that is particularly appropriate when performance data comes from genetically diverse contemporary groups.

59
Q

Gamete Selection

A

The process that determines which egg matures and which sperm succeeds in fertilizing the egg.

60
Q

Segregations

A

The separation of paired genes during germ cell formation.

61
Q

Random Mating

A

A mating system in which mates are chosen at random.

62
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

The reverse of hybrid vigor, a decrease in the performance of inbreeds, most noticeably in traits like fertility and survivablity.

63
Q

F1 Hybrid Vigor
or
Heterosis

A

The amount of hybrid vigor attainable in first-cross individuals- maximum hybrid vigor.

64
Q

Pedigree Estimate

A

A genetic prediction based solely on pedigree data.

65
Q

Phenotype

A

An observed category or measured level of performance for a trait in a individual.

66
Q

Breeding Value (BV)

A

1) The value of an individual as a genetic parent.

2) The part of an individual’s genotypic value that is due to independent and therefore transmittable gene effects.

animal Breeding (1 decks)

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