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IAP > Animal breeding > Flashcards

Animal breeding Flashcards

1
Q

Describe five methods of heat detection in cattle.

A

Tail chalk, kamar, mounting stickers, pedometer (increased activity), observation

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2
Q

What percentage should a dairy farmer aim for for his heat detection rate?

A

60-80%

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3
Q

Describe follicle observation in the horse.

A

>35mm in size

Teardrop shaped

Oedematous uterus

Softer within 6-12hrs of ovulation

Thicker wall 24hrs pre-ovulation

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4
Q

How does the bitches vaginal cytology vary throughout the oestrus cycle

A

Anoestrus - Parabasal cells present (stippled nucleus and rounded cytoplasm)

Dioestrus - 50:50 (+10% everyday)

Pro-oestrus - Cornified cells (triangular and small nucleus)

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5
Q

How can the luteal phase be manipulated?

A

Shortened - exogenous PGF2a, causes luteolysis

Lengthened - Progesterone

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6
Q

Manipulation of the luteal phase in the organic industry is done how?

A

Massage and “bursting” of the corpus luteum

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7
Q

Temporary arrest of follicular waves can be achieved by use of what?

A

Progesterone

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8
Q

PMSG and eCG have what effect on the follicular wave event?

A

Increase number of maturing follicles

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9
Q

GnRH/ hCG have what effect on follicular wave event?

A

Ensures ovulation of the mature follicles

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10
Q

Outline the ovsynch 48 fixed time AI procedure used cattle.

A

D1 - GnRH (ensure ovulation of any ready to go follicles, new follicular wave begins around two days later),

D7 - PGF2a (causes luteolysis of the corpus luteum),

D9 - GnRH (causes ovulation of the dominant follicle recruited after the first injection)

AI 16 hours later

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11
Q

What is the difference in action of a CIDR and a PRID?

A

PRIDs, when combined with PGF2a causes immediate luteolysis

CIDR causes GnRH suppression and when removed leads to a surge = LH and FSH

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12
Q

How can puberty be induced in gilts?

A

Using PMSG and hCG compound Gestavet600 at 5-6 months old, it causes growth and development of the cohort of follicles present.

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13
Q

What parameters are used which PDing a cow by rectal palpation?

A

Membrane slip - d30 Horn enlargement Fluid Foetus and cotyledon palpation Fremitus of the uterine artery

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14
Q

From what day of gestation is ultrasound using in PD of cattle and sheep?

A

Cattle - 28-30 and 59 for whole fetal image. Ovine - 71 can view skull

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15
Q

Outline four assays which can be used in pregnancy diagnosis and state their day of effectiveness.

A
  1. Progesterone - high from d0-21 suggests corpus luteum maintenance of pregnancy
  2. Pregnancy proteins - this does remain after fetal loss
  3. PMSG - d40-150
  4. Oestrogen sulphate in faeces
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16
Q

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the use of AI.

A

A- increase genetic pool, known traits used, biosecurity, safety (no male), sexed semen. D - good technique needed, storage needs to be good, cost, oestrus detection is vital.

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17
Q

What substances make up a semen extendor, what are their functions?

A

Lipoproteins - protection, glucose - energy, antibiotics - prevent bacterial growth

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18
Q

What substance is used in the storage of semen?

A

Liquid nitrogen

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19
Q

Outline the procedure of MOËT in cattle.

A
  • Insertion of a PRID - causes temporary arrest of the oestrus cycle
  • FSH injections cause development of multiple follicles
  • PGF2a causes luteolysis and then ovulation,
  • next AI and flush the embryos
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20
Q

How many embryos can be collected from a single MOËT cycle in the cow? What causes losses of embryos?

A

4-5 per time, repeated on 8 week cycles. Losses can be due to embryo flushing (50% success)

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21
Q

How would you control parturition in the sow?

A

PGF2a (planate) induces parturition and oxytocin analogue carbetocin (reprocine) which will increase contractility of cervix and cause milk let down. Done at d114 onwards depending on the average gestation period of the sow.

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22
Q

In which species is the use of PGF2a useless in the induction of parturition? Why?

A

Horse and (sheep) the presence of the placenta means that the pregnancy can be maintained even at low levels of progesterone.

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23
Q

On which day of gestation can PGF2a be used up to in cattle to induce parturition by causing luteolysis?

A

D255, causes parturition to occur in 24-48 hours.

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24
Q

How must corticosteroids be used in cattle to induce parturition?

A

The earlier in gestation they are used the stronger they should be.260 = short acting, causes parturition in 2-5 days.

25
Q

How can misalliance be dealt with in the mare, cow and bitch?

A

Mare - up to day 35 give fluprostenol (PGF2a analogue)

Cow - give PGF2a between d6 and 150

Bitch = give oestradiol between days 3-5 (PGF2a is useless until after day 5)

26
Q

What effect does use of progesterone have on oestrus? Name a drug which does this.

A

Suppresses heat (mimics the corpus luteum). Regumate

27
Q

Name an antitestestosterone drug used in the dog which suppresses hypersexiality.

A

Tardak.

28
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary indices of fertility?

A

Primary - historic data which factors affecting losses >> CI, semen use, abortion, age at first calving. Secondary - affected by primary factors and are directly measurable >> pregnancy rate overall and at first service, heat detection, losses,

29
Q

Outline the equation for working out submission rate.

A

No. Present at service/ no eligible for service over x number of days

30
Q

How do we measure pregnancy rate?

A

Overall and pregnancy rate to first service. Target for PR to first service should be fifty percent.

31
Q

Using a PR target of 50% how many of a farmers cows should be pregnant from 100 cows if their SR is 80% ?

A

40 pregnant

32
Q

What can be the cause of poor HDR and HDA?

A

Poor detection at first heat (21 days), embryonic death, hormone interference,

33
Q

What should the ewe:tup ratio be for optimal efficiency?

A

40:1

34
Q

Outline lambing targets for hill and lowland sheep, why do they differ?

A

Lowland - 150-200% hill - 100% We expect lowland ewes to produce more twins whereas hill ewes would only be expected to produce single lambs.

35
Q

An 80% success rate for percentage mated at first cycle in the ewe indicates what?

A

Good - nutrition, breed, environment, season Ie the management of the livestock has been pretty successful.

36
Q

What range of Interoestrus parameters should we expect most cows to be within?

A

17 - 24 days

37
Q

Outline the three categories of malpresentation.

A

Deviation of the limb, deviation of the head, foetal- pelvic impaction. The latter two cases only occur when the foetus is presented anteriorly (head first)

38
Q

What is meant by the term “schistosoma reflexus”?

A

Failure of the body wall to close.

39
Q

Outline the potential causes of dystocia of the foetus and give an example for each.

A

Skeletal - deformities, Soft tissue - excess fat/ prolapse, Incomplete cervical dilation - ringwomb, Uterine torsion, Expulsion deficiency - uterine inertia

40
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary uterine inertia?

A

Primary - myometrial contractile deficiency, secondary - inertia due to exhaustion.

41
Q

How do uterine torsion usually present?

A

75% are anticlockwise

42
Q

What is ringwomb caused by?

A

A fault in the ripening of collagen of the cervix. Presentation can be spontaneous or caused by management protocol.

43
Q

Outline the procedure by which cyclicity can be induced in the mare.

A

A 200W bulb in a 12x12 stable. By artificially extending the day to 16 hrs the mare care be induced within 60-90 days. Protocol should start by switching on lights 30 minutes before sun set.

44
Q

Why can’t horses superovulate?

A

Their ovulation capacity is limited by the ovulation fossa (not the space for a greater number of ovulations from each ovary)

45
Q

Clitoral/ oestrus endometrial swabs are used for the identification of which venereal diseases in the horse?

A

Contagious equine metritis (CEM), equine viral arteritis (EVA), equine herpes virus (EHV3 - coital exanthema)

46
Q

At which days are horses scanned to detect pregnancy?

A

D 11, 30 and 50

47
Q

Blood endocrinology at d40 of gestation in the horse would yield what result?

A

eCG surge which lasts until day 150

48
Q

What is the purpose of a breeding role during live cover?

A

Provides a limit to the stallions intromission of a mare. Prevents damage to the reproductive tract.

49
Q

Describe the significant of twin pregnancies in the horse.

A

They can either be uni or bicornate. With uni one is usually aborted, with bi both are usually lost. Their fate depends on how they share the uterus - if half and half both can survive but if it is uneven it is more likely that neither can survive or one will not develop properly.

50
Q

Gross motility

A

Examines the motility of the sample as a whole as a wave formation. Aim for a score of 3 or above (looks like a thunder cloud)

51
Q

Progressive motility

A

Percentage of sperm which are “successfully” motile. Non progressive motion can describe sperm going in circles for example, non-motile is also BAD. Progressive motion is in straight lines. Samples are diluted with PBS and examined under a phase-contrast microscope.

52
Q

Sperm density

A

Counts the number of sperm within a known volume. Number depends on species (stallion - 120m, bull - 1000 mill per mL). To calculate using a haemocytometer the cpnumber seen should be times by 10^7

53
Q

Sperm morphology

A

Primary defects - occurs when sperm are still within the seminifferous tubules. Secondary defects - occur during passage through the epididymis or due to mishandling of the sample.

54
Q

What stain do we use when visualising sperm?

A

Nigrosin and eosin stain

55
Q

Live : dead ratio

A

Ratio of living and dead sperm in a sample. Should aim for 75%+ living. Remember the dead sperm take up the stain, live remain silver.

56
Q

Normal pH of semen sample.

A

6.8 to 7

57
Q

National Holstein herd milk production.

A

Target - 10000 kg/ lactationActual - 7800 kg/ lactMaximum - 21684kg/ lactNumber of lactations - 3

58
Q

What is the usual composition of cows milk?

A

4% protein(80% casin, 20% whey) 3.2% fat, 4.5% lactose

IAP (2 decks)

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