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Animal Behaviour (presentation content) > Animal Behaviour > Flashcards

Animal Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is an proximate?

A

Deals with how
a particular behaviour
happens

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2
Q

What is an ultimate?

A 
Deals with 
why
an animal does something, 
in 
evolutionary reasons
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3
Q

Who was Niko Tinbergen?

A

A famous animal behaviour researcher who found there were two kinds of proximate and two kinds of ultimate explanation for animal behaviour.

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4
Q

Name the two proximate explanations:

A

1.What are the mechanisms that cause it? (mechanism)
2. Is the behaviour inherited or learnt?
(ontogeny/development)

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5
Q

Name the two ultimate explanations:

A

1: How is does it relate to the evolutionary history? (phylogeny)
2: What is the benefit to the animal’s fitness? (function)

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6
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A

A hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs and produces gametes normally associated with both male and female sexes eg snails

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7
Q

What is a simultaneous hermaphrodite?

A

A simultaneous hermaphrodite (or homogamous) is an adult organism that has both male and female sexual organs at the same time.

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8
Q

Which animal is famous for self-fertilisation?

A

The banana slug

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9
Q

What is a sequential hermaphrodite?

A

Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes sex at some point in its life eg clownfish

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10
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism

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11
Q

What is courtship?

A

Animal courtship may involve complicated dances or touch, vocalizations, or displays of beauty or fighting to attract a mating partner.

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12
Q

Name the two different types of sexual conflict

A

Egg v sperm

Male v female

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13
Q

What are pheromones?

A

a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behaviour or physiology of others of its species.

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14
Q

Name the different ways in which the transmission of sounds eg songs and calls varies

A

Attenuation,complexity,pitch,amplification and volume

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15
Q

What is intraselection?

A

Male to male competition

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16
Q

What is interselection?

A

Female choice

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17
Q

Name intraselection examples

A

Necking,Sumo fighting,escalation

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18
Q

Name the difference between antlers and horns

A

Antlers can shed whereas horns remain fixated to the skull throughout the animals life.

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19
Q

Name examples of interselection

A

Choosing based on physical appearance and general fitness.

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20
Q

What is sexual cannibalism?

A

Eating the mate after mating.

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21
Q

What is a social behaviour?

A

Activities among individuals that have fitness
consequences for both the actor as well as the
recipient(s) of the behaviour

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22
Q

Name the three levels of social behaviour

A

individuals, groups/populations, species

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23
Q

Example of minimum social contact

A

Black widows live alone until mating.

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24
Q

Examples of maximum social aggregation

A

Flocks, herds and colonies

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25
Q

Name some benefits of group life

A

Less likely to be eaten,protection,possible mating parteners

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26
Q

Disadvantages of group life

A

Have to share food/higher competition

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27
Q

What is a aggregation?

A

A group of individuals of the same species gathered

in the same place but not internally organised eg rattlesnakes gather during cold conditions to keep warm.

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28
Q

What is a colony?

A

a group of individuals belonging to the same species
which are highly integrated either by physical union
of bodies or by division into specialized zooids or
castes, or by both

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29
Q

What is a eusocial insect?

A

Castes with fixed division of labour eg Bees have queen bees and workers.

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30
Q

What is a mixed species group?

A

Groups containing individuals belonging to two or

more species which co‐ordinate their actions eg Saddle backed tamerins and red bellied tamerins.

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31
Q

What is reciprocal altruism?

A

reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism’s fitness

32
Q

Name the different types of foods

A

Other animals,vegetation and minerals

33
Q

Name three different hunting methods:

A

Gleaning, hovering, hawking, perch swooping, diving, skimming, dipping and dabbing, stalking and striking

34
Q

Name the stages of predation

A

Detection, indentification, approach ,subjugation and consuming.

35
Q

Name different methods of detection

A

Sight, hearing, smelling, tasting and feeling

36
Q

Name different methods of identification

A

Identification features and trial and error.

37
Q

Name different methods of approaching

A

Stalking, speed, co-operative , hunting, masquerade, mimicry , bait and traps.

38
Q

Name different methods of subjugation

A

Weapons eg teeth, claws, canines, tools, smashing, dropping and drilling

39
Q

Name different adaptations for consuming

A

Ruminants (4 compartment stomach) detoxification eg meercats rolling mealworms and cooking.

40
Q

Name three different adaptations which may help a prey escape a predator/identification

A

morphological traits eg transparent, rarity, mimicry, body size, and polymorphism.

41
Q

Name different ways for prey to prevent being approached

A

Being in an inaccessible area, escaping, distracting and signalling.

42
Q

What is the dilution effect?

A

Loads of potential prey, however, the pray cant consume them all, therefore, those higher in the hierarchy are more likely to survive.

43
Q

What is the confusion effect?

A

Moving around to confuse the predator.

44
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Operant conditioning is a learning process in which behaviour is sensitive to, or controlled by its consequences.

45
Q

What is habituation?

A

the diminishing of an innate response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

46
Q

what is imprinting?

A

of a young animal) come to recognize (another animal, person, or thing) as a parent or other object of habitual trust.

47
Q

What is associative learning?

A

classical and operant conditioning

48
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A stimulus that initially does not elicit a
response comes to do so by
association with a stimulus that does (Pavlov)

49
Q

What is monogamy?

A

One male mating with one female.

50
Q

What is polygamy?

A

Mating with as many partners as possible

51
Q

What is male assistance?

A

When a female keeps away other females

52
Q

What is RPD

A

Resource defence polygamy

53
Q

What is FDP

A

Female defence polygamy

54
Q

What is lekking?

A

Male hierarchy polygamy

55
Q

What is foraging?

A

Search to obtain food

56
Q

Name the two different types of ambush

A

Passive and active

57
Q

Name the three different types of food distribution

A

Uniform, random and clustered

58
Q

What is optimal foraging?

A

Choosing the most energy efficient foraging method with the greatest energy intake

59
Q

What should be considered when optimal foraging?

A

Time spent, energy used and energy intake from the meal

60
Q

What is the marginal value theory?

A

The theory that there is a peak point when an animal should leave a foraging area to prevent energy loss (When the graph reaches its peak)

61
Q

Why is conservation in zoos important?

A

To observe behaviour patterns, to raise money and awareness and complete breeding programmes

62
Q

What is captivity?

A

Animals living under the care of humans

63
Q

What are the main threats to biodiversity?

A

HIPPO (Habitat destruction, invasive species, population, pollution and over harvesting)

64
Q

What is an intraspecific group?

A

Group of the same species

65
Q

Name 4 group behaviours

A

Foraging, anti-predator behaviour , reproductive behaviours and social behaviours

66
Q

What is home making?

A

Construction of a suitable home

67
Q

What is reciprocal allogrooming?

A

Grooming to be groomed in return

68
Q

What is intraspecific cleaning in?

A

Specific areas in which individuals swim to be cleaned

69
Q

Why do animals huddle?

A

To conserve heat

70
Q

Why do animals move in formations?

A

To move in an energy efficient manor

71
Q

What is alloparenting?

A

When individuals other than the parent play the parenting role

72
Q

What is migration?

A

Persistent movements without many turns

73
Q

Why do animals migrate?

A

For a larger food source,more food or water availability etc

74
Q

How do animals know when to migrate?

A

Changes in the environment eg temperature, chemical cues and changes in season

75
Q

What is Herpetology?

A

The study of reptiles and amphibians

76
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries

Animal Behaviour (presentation content) (1 decks)

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