Animal Behaviour Flashcards
what is a heterotroph?
obtain energy and nutrients from other organisms
what are the two major systems that control responses to stimuli and coordinate body activities?
endocrine and nervous system
what is homeostasis?
the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
homeostasis relies on _____ ______
negative feedback
where do animals get energy?
Animals obtain chemical energy and molecular building blocks from food
what is a trade off?
sacrificing in exchange for something else
natural selection leads to trade offs, true or false?
true
Haploid _____ join to form a diploid _____
gametes, zygote
what is an acrosome?
vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes
what is the purpose of the jelly coat around an egg?
protects egg, secretes signal molecules that attract sperm
what is the order of the 3 layers in an egg?
Plasma membrane, vitelline layer, jelly coat
what triggers the acrosomal reaction?
Contact with the (peanut butter) jelly coat
_____ _____ on acrosomal process bind to receptors on egg cell membrane
surface proteins
what is polyspermy?
when more than one spermie gets to the egg
what triggers fast block to polyspermy?
when Plasma membranes fuse
what causes slow block to polyspermy?
when Sperm nucleus enters/cortical reaction
which layer of the egg hardens in the fertilization envelope after the sperm nucleus enters?
vitelline layer
Influx of calcium also _____ the egg
activates
what results from Initiation of metabolic reactions that trigger the onset of development?
Increased cellular respiration and Increased protein synthesis
what do sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form?
the diploid nucleus of the zygote
what happens to the zygote during cleavage?
it becomes multicellular
what is a blastula?
a hollow ball of cells
what is the fluid filled cavity within the blastula called?
blastocoel
cleavage results in many smaller cells called _____
blastomeres
In frogs, the zygote becomes a ____
blastula
the top pole is the ____ pole, and the bottom pole is the ____ pole
animal,vegetal
which pole contains smaller cells, with blastocoel?
animal
what is differential gene expression?
cells that possess the same genome can look and behave differently
Cells express different genes depending on………?
their location and the stage of development
All animals are capable of movement, true or false?
true
blood is a connective tissue, true or false?
true
why has the similar fusiform body shape of diverse animals, such as sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals evolved?
this is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly.
______ is a protein with a specific shape that allows it to bind oxygen for transport in the
blood.
hemoglobin
how does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
the positive feedback’s responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than
opposite to it.
Expressing different genes leads to the production of the same proteins, true or false?
false, Expressing different genes leads to the production of different proteins
what ensures that cells know what genes to express at which time?
cytoplasmic determinants
what are cytoplasmic determinants?
Molecules within the cytoplasm that regulate gene expression
the signal molecules that a cell is exposed to depends on its location within the embryo, and the stage of development, is an example of what?
inductive signalling
what is morphogenesis?
the rearrangement of cells or sheets of cells in the embryo
______ establishes the three germ layers and sets up the basic body plan
gastrulation
what is organogenisis?
the formation of the organs
what is the new cavity formed when the blastocoel collapses?
archenteron
Gastrulation results in a _____ layered gastrula
three
describe how the cells in the animal and vegetal pole behave during frog gastrulation
cells in the vegetal pole push inward, animal pole spread over the outer surface
during frog neurulation, the cells in the dorsal mesoderm form the _____
notochord
in frog neurulation, the ectoderm above the notochord becomes….
the neural plate
in frog neurulation, the neural ____ rolls into the neural _____
plate, tube
what does the neural tube become during frog neurulation?
the brain and spinal cord
where do the neural crest cells develop during frog neurulation?
where neural tube separates from ectoderm
how is morphogenesis achieved?
through changes in cell position, shape, and survival
what kind of cells change shape during neural tube formation in frogs?
ectodermal cells
what is the result of convergent extension?
cells producing a longer, narrower structure
programmed cell death (apoptosis) shapes embryos, true or false?
true
A cell that would normally develop into a muscle cell is moved to a different location within the embryo
where cells normally develop into bone cells. The relocated cell still develops into a muscle cell. What
mechanism is responsible for determining this cell’s fate?
cytoplasmic determinants
If a mutation occurred in sea urchin sperm that prevented the acrosomal reaction from occurring, which
of the following would be the result?
Sperm would be unable to penetrate the jelly coat of an egg.
In a newly fertilized egg, the vitelline layer……
hardens to form a protective cover.
During cleavage, the size of the embryo increases with each doubling of the number of cells, true or false?
false
The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is….
ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm.
The formation of the fertilization envelope and the slow block to polyspermy are dependent on the _____ of _____ ions from/into the egg
entrance, calcium
The cavity inside the blastula is called the ______
blastocoel
what is fertilization?
The joining of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.
what is used as a signal for endocrine signalling?
hormone
what is used as a signal in the nervous system?
electrical impulse
what are glia and what system are they located in?
housekeeping cells, nervous system
the ____ system is specialized for direction immediate and rapid responses to the environment
nervous
the ____ system is specialized for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body
endocrine
where is the neurotransmitter initially before a signal is sent?
the synapse
the signal travelling from the axon hillock to the synaptic terminal triggers….
the release of neurotransmitters
what does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?
brain, spinal cord
what does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?
cranial nerves, ganglia outside of CNS, spinal nerves
what are the three stages that information processing in the nervous system is composed of?
sensory input, integration, motor output
Endocrine cells secrete _____ into the bloodstream, affecting target cells to regulate physiology and behaviour
hormones
Posterior pituitary is composed of ______ cells of the hypothalamus
neurosecretory
what is known as the “master regulator” of the endocrine system?
the hypothalamus
the short term stress response is also known as….
the fight or flight response
The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the ____
synapse
A simple nervous system includes these 3 things
sensory information, an integrating centre, and effectors.
A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone’s ____ cell
target
what part of the nervous system is activated during the fight or flight response? (parasympathetic or sympathetic)
sympathetic nervous system
All hormones elicit the same biological response from all of their target cells, true or false?
false
Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected
to reveal high levels of _____
glucagon
All hormones are carried to target cells in the blood, true or false?
true
what are some effects of epinephrine and noepinephrine?
increased blood glucose, increased breathing rate and metabolic rate, increased alertness, and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity
what two hormones are involved in the stress response?
epinephrine and noepinephrine
where is the receptor located for a lipid soluble hormone?
inside the nucleus or cytosol
where is the receptor located for a water soluble hormone?
on the membrane
lipid soluble hormones are responsible for gene regulation, true or false?
false, water soluble are
____ soluble hormones regulate gene expression
lipid
the ______ secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
The response of a target cell to a hormone depends on which two things?
- The type of receptor on the target cell
* The signaling pathways within the target cell
what are antagonistic hormones?
Pairs of hormones whose actions oppose each other
what do antagonistic hormones do?
Maintain a physiological parameter within an acceptable range
As body mass increases, absolute body metabolic rate _____
increases
Elephants have a lower or higher BMR per unit body mass?
lower
An animals diet must supply……
energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients
Chemical energy in food is used in cellular respiration to produce _____
ATP
what are the 4 types of organic molecules needed for biosynthesis?
Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
What are the 4 functions carried out by digestive systems?
ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
Structures associated with digestion are the most diverse part of the digestive system , true or false?
false, ingestion is
what are suspension feeders/filter feeders?
feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water
what is substrate feeder?
feeder that lives in or on surface
what is an example of a fluid feeder?
a mosquito drinking blood from human
what is a bulk feeder?
a feeder that consumes large pieces of food
what 2 things does the esophagus connect?
the pharynx and the stomach
what are the 4 things that saliva contains?
Mucus , Buffers, Antimicrobial agents, Salivary amylase
what is the function of buffers in saliva?
neutralize acidity and prevent tooth decay
what is the function of antimicrobial agents in saliva?
attack bacteria and viruses
what prevents food from coming back up from the stomach ?
Sphincter
the sphincter is usually kept open, true or false?
false, closed
____ travels via peristalsis
food
Mechanical and chemical digestion ______ in the stomach
continues
what is the interior space of the stomach called?
the lumen
what is pepsin responsible for?
digesting proteins
food is mixed by hydrochloric acid to become ____
chime
in the stomach, the epithelium secretes _____ ___
gastric juices
how do we not digest ourselves?
HCl and digestive enzymes maintained in inactive forms until released in lumen
____ provides protection for cells lining alimentary canal
mucus
in the oral cavity, polysaccharides are broken down by ____ into _____
Salivary amylase, smaller polysaccharides and maltose
what produces bile?
the liver
in the stomach, proteins are broken down by ____ into _____
pepsin, small polypeptides
what stores bile?
the gallbladder
bile is released into ______ to emulsify fats
duodenum
what do villi and microvilli do in the small intestine?
increases surface area
in the large intestine, the ____ contains bacteria that ferments plant material
cecum
a carnivore will have a longer cecum with larger surface area, compared to a herbivore. true or false?
false, the opposite is true
the majority of water is reabsorbed in the ____ ______
small intestine
The colon functions in ………?
water reabsorption and formation and elimination of the feces
what does feces consist of?
undigested material and bacteria
what triggers the secretion of digestive hormones?
the presence of food
hormones regulate _____, _____ ____, and ______
digestion, energy storage, and appetite
Hormones _____ and ______ regulate energy storage
insulin, glucagon
Excess energy is stored as ______ in liver and muscle, then as ____ in adipose cells
glycogen, fat
what generates the nerve impulses that make us feel hungry or full?
A satiety center in the brain
_____ is produced by adipose tissue (body fat) and regulates long-term appetite
Leptin
a fat animal will have higher concentration of leptin circulating in blood, true or false?
true
Insulin, PYY, and ghrelin are secreted in response to _______
lack of a meal, promotes hunger
Chemical digestion in the mouth is limited to _______
carbohydrates
in the stomach, pepsinogen is converted into ____
pepsin
Compared to that of herbivores, carnivores’ intestines are generally ___ convoluted
less
Mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach, and the small intestine. true or false?
false, not the small intestine
the gall bladder is responsible for the production of bile, true or false?
false, it only stores bile
Between a human, an elephant, a penguin, a lizard, and a mouse, which animal would have the greatest
basal metabolic rate (L O2/hr)?
elephant
