Animal and plant responses Flashcards
Cytokinins
Very similar role to auxins. Promotes cell division. Promotes lateral budding rather than apical
Absisic acid
Promotes seed and bud dormancy. Prevents seeds germinating while attached to the parent
Allelopathy
A plant produces and releases a chemical that prevents or inhibits the growth of the other plant species in the area around it.
Commensalism
A relationship between two animal or plant species that live together in which one species benefits from the association while the other is not significantly affected (+,0)
Competition
A relationship between two or more organisms, populations, or species that share some environmental resource when it is in short supply. Both organisms are harmed (-,-)
Chemotaxis
The directional movement of an animal in response to chemicals in the environment
Biological clock
The mechanism that produces regular periodic changes in behaviour or physiology due to an internal clock
Batesian mimicry
A harmless organism copies the pattern of a dangerous organism to get protection
Actogram
Graphical representation of an organism’s activity during a day.
Auxin
Shoot hormone
Regulate plant growth, cell division, cell elongation, differentiation apical dominance.
Promotes lateral root formation and promotes flowering
Circa
Rhythm of about …….. e.g circadian (about a day)
Circadian rhythm
Behaviour in an organism which is approximately 24 hours a solar day
Circalunar rhythm
Behaviour in an organism which is about 29.5 days approximates the cycle of a lunar month
Circannual rhythm
Behaviour in an organism which is approximately 365 1/4 days - the cycle of a solar year
Circatidal rhythm
Behaviour in an organism which is about 12.5 hours - approximates the cycle of tides
Complex hierarchy
Is a social structure in which each has a relative position of dominance
Cooperative breeding
A breeding system in which members of an extended family all help in the rearing of offspring.
Cooperative defence
Where members of a group combine their strengths to defend against predators
Courtship behaviour
Behaviour in animals that plays a part in the initial attraction of a mate or as a prelude to mating. These are often species-specific
Crepuscular animals
A plant in which flowering can occur irrespective of the day length
Crepuscular animals
Animals that are most active at dawn and dusk
Dominance
Behaviour showing by an individual that is higher in a hierarchy that the individual it is relating with
Endogenous
Rhythm controlled by an internal biological clock due to their DNA
Entrainment
The resetting of the biological clock on a regular basis, forcing it ti take up the period of the environmental cycle
Environmental cues
A change in the external environment that triggers a change in behaviour or physiology
Free running period
The period of a biological rhythm in the absence of external environmental cues
Geotaxis
The directional movement of an animal in response to gravity
Herbivorism
Form of exploitation where one animal eats a plant (+ -).
Indoleacetic acid
A naturally occurring auxin, synthesised in the shoot tips and responsible for cell elongation in
Innate behaviour
Behaviour which is controlled by our biological clock
Interspecific relationships
Interactions between different species
Intraspecific relationships
Interactions between members of the same species
Kinesis
The non-directional movement of an organism in response to a stimulus in which rate of movement depends on the intensity of the stimulus
K-strategy
A reproductive strategy where the parents produce few young and give them lots of parental care. Most young survive
r-strategy
A reproductive strategy where the parents use their energy to produce lots of offspring but give no parental care to the young. Lots of the young die early
Mutualism
A relationship where two species both benefit from the relationship (+,+)
Mullerian mimicry
Two or more poisonous species have similar colouration therefore get protection
Tropism
Directional growth of a plant towards or away from a stimulus
Long day plant
A plant in which flowering can be induced or enhanced by long days (short nights), usually with more than 12 hours of daylights
Parasitism
A form of exploitation where one species lives an another to obtain food (+,-)
Phototropism
The directional growth of plant organs in response to light. Shoots usually grow towards light
Phytochrome
A pigment that exists in two forms- Pr and Pfr.
During the day Pr-> Pfr and at night Pfr->Pr. If a plant is an LDP you will have high conc. of Pfr and this will initiate flowering, while if an SDP high conc. of Pf (lower conc. of Pfr) initiate flowering
Photonasty
Response to light
Navigation tropism
A plant growth response away from a stimulus
Nastic movement
Non-directional movement of plants in response to external stimuli
Nyctinasty
Response to night
Gibberellin
Breaks seeds and bud dormancy (opposite to Absisic acid)
Geotropism
The directional growth of plant organs in response to gravity
Exploitation
An interaction between species in which one benefits by using the other as a source of food or shelter (+,-)
