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animal and plant responses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are tropisms?

A

A directional growth response to a directional stimulus only in plants

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2
Q

What is a nastic response?

A

Non directional response to plants to the intensity of the stimulus

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3
Q

What is taxis?

A

Movement of an animal towards (positive) or away from (negative) a directional stimulus

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4
Q

What is kinesis?

A

A random movement response in animals where the rate of activity is determined by the intensity of the stimulus (non-directional)

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5
Q

What are migration cues?

A

Changes in daylength, food, availability, temperature

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6
Q

What is nyctnasty?

A

Circadian rhythmic nastic movement of plants in response to the onset of darkness

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7
Q

What is innate behaviour?

A

Any genetically determined behaviour, not learned

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8
Q

What is orthokinesis?

A

The speed of movement is related to the intensity of the stimulus

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9
Q

What is klinokinesis?

A

The amount of random turning is related to the intensity of the stimulus

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10
Q

What is cell elongation?

A

Method by which plant grows towards or away from a stimulus

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11
Q

What is IAA?

A

Hormone responsible for many tropisms

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12
Q

What is homing?

A

A frequent activity where animals return to a nest or buttow after going out to find food or mates

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13
Q

What is a compass?

A

Way animals navigate when migrating

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14
Q

What is a solar compass?

A

Navigation using the position of the sun in the sky

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15
Q

What is a magnetic compass?

A

Navigating using the earth’s magnetic compass

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16
Q

What is a stellar compass?

A

Navigating using the position of stars in the night sky

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17
Q

What is migration?

A

The mass movement of populations between habitats

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18
Q

What is tropotaxis?

A

The animal compares intensity of a stimulus using two or more sense organs on either side of it’s body to determine the direction of the stimulus

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19
Q

What is klinotaxis?

A

Where the animal determines the direction of the stimulus by moving a single sense organ and comparing relative intensities.

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20
Q

What is a zeitgeber?

A

Environmental cue that resets the internal biological clock

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21
Q

What is a free running period?

A

Cyclic behaviour seen in the absence of external cues

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22
Q

What is entrainment?

A

Resetting of internal biological clock by environmental cues

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23
Q

What is phase shift?

A

How much the period of activity is moved forward or back

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24
Q

What is an internal biological clock?

A

Internal mechanism in organisms that controls the periodicity of activities

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25
Q

What is the photoperiod?

A

Day length

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26
Q

What is photoperiodism?

A

Any response of an organism to seasonal changes in day length

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27
Q

What is pfr?

A

The physiologically active form of phytochrome

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28
Q

What are long day plants?

A

Flower when the night is short, high levels of pfr

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29
Q

What is phytochrome?

A

Pigment in plants that regulates flowering

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30
Q

What is a circatidal rhythm?

A

Activity with a period of about 12.4 hours

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31
Q

What is a circalunar rhythm?

A

Activity with a period of about 29.5 days

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32
Q

What are phytohormones?

A

Plant hormones

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33
Q

What is an exogenous rhythm?

A

A pattern that only occurs in response to external cues. disappears when cues are removed

34
Q

What does crepuscular mean?

A

Active at dawn and dusk

35
Q

What are short-day plants?

A

Flower when the night is long, low levels of per

36
Q

What is the noctoperiod?

A

The length of night

37
Q

What is an endogenous rhythm?

A

Rhythm that persists even in the absence of environmental cues

38
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

Activity with a period of about 24 hours

39
Q

What is a circannual rhythm?

A

Activity with a period of about 365.25 days

40
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

A cluster of neyrons in the hypothalamus of the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms

41
Q

What are day neutral plants?

A

Plants where flowering is not controlled by photoperiod

42
Q

What is an interspecific relationship?

A

A relationship between two or more different species

43
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

A feature of an organism that helps it to survive and reproduce

44
Q

What is aposematic colouration?

A

Conspicuous colouration as a warning of distasteful properties

45
Q

What is mimicry?

A

The ability of an animal to look like another more harmful animal

46
Q

What is Mullerian mimicry?

A

Two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

47
Q

What is Batesian mimicry?

A

A harmless species mimics a harmful one

48
Q

What is allelopathy?

A

The production of chemicals by plants that inhibit the growth of neighbouring plants

49
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Competition for resources between members of the same species

50
Q

What is coevoluton?

A

Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in the other

51
Q

What is exploitation?

A

An interspecific relationship where one species benefits and one is harmed

52
Q

What is predation?

A

A type of exploitation involving predator and prey

53
Q

What is herbivory?

A

A type of exploitation involving a herbivore and plant

54
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A type of exploitation involving parasite and prey

55
Q

What is mutualism?

A

An interspecific relationship where both species benefits

56
Q

What is an adaptive advantage?

A

The increased chance that an organism will survive and reproduce due to characteristics that allow it to be more successful than other organisms

57
Q

What is gauses’ competitive exclusion principle?

A

No two species can occupy the same ecological niche in the same place

58
Q

What is commensalism?

A

An intraspecific relationship where one species benefits while the other in unaffected

59
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

An interspecific relationship where both species are disadvantaged when competing for resources

60
Q

What is a territory?

A

An area an animal will defend against competitors

61
Q

What is territoriality?

A

Any vocal, visual, or scent-marking behaviours associated with defence of a territory

62
Q

What is a home range?

A

Area which an animal covers regularly in search of food, but will not actively defend

63
Q

What is courtship?

A

A set of display behaviours used to attract a mate

64
Q

What is cooperative breeding?

A

A social system where offspring recieve care from parents and from additional group members called helpers - asults capable of reprodycing that don’t breed but instead help others raise offspring

65
Q

What is kin selection?

A

Favouring reproductive success of relatives even at a cost to own survival and reproduction

66
Q

What is agonistic behaviour?

A

Any form of behaviour associated with fighting (ritualised agression) including threat, displays, appeasement or fight. Reduces risk of injury or death

67
Q

What is a dominance hierarchy?

A

In a group, higher ranked individuals control the lower ranked individuals through agonistic behaviour

68
Q

What is submission?

A

Behaviours shown to higher ranked animals

69
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Differences in size or appearance

70
Q

What is a hierarchy?

A

A group orgnaised by rank

71
Q

What is a linear hierarchy?

A

Pecking order where each individual dominates all individuals below but not those above

72
Q

What is parental care?

A

Behaviours by one or both parents aiming to increase chance of successfully raising offspring to sexual maturity

73
Q

What is r-strategy?

A

Producing as many offspring as possible

74
Q

What is K-strategy?

A

Producing fewer offspring with extended parental care

75
Q

What is monogamy?

A

One mate at a time

76
Q

What is polygymy?

A

One male, several females

77
Q

What is polyandry?

A

One female, several males

78
Q

What is pair bonding?

A

Male and female form an exclusive pair bond

79
Q

What is a lek?

A

Arena where males gather to preform for females

80
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

When individuals select mates based off their heritable traits

81
Q

What is gravi?

A

Prefix for stimulus of gravity

82
Q

What is thigmo?

A

Prefix for stimulus of touch

biology (4 decks)

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