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First Year MCB > Animal and Plant Biology 2 > Flashcards

Animal and Plant Biology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 main types of skeleton

A
  1. ) Hydrostatic
  2. ) Exoskeleton
  3. ) Endoskeleton
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2
Q

Explain how bones can act as levers to produce movement

A

Muscles attach to the skeleton. Bones act as levers to produce joint rotation when muscle contracts.

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3
Q

What is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

An elaborate and specialized network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that function in calcium storage

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4
Q

Which chemical is required for the crossbridge cycle?

A

Calcium

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5
Q

What is the main component of bone’s organic matrix?

A

Collagen

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6
Q

Apodemes serve as attachment sites for muscles to the exoskeleton. What is the corresponding structure in endoskeletons called?

A

Tendons

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7
Q

Hydroxyapatite is a mineral made of what?

A

Calcium and phosphate

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8
Q

Which cell type, found in bone , is responsible for bone resorption?

A

Osteoclasts

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9
Q

In a myocyte, t-tubules are an extension of what structure?

A

Sarcolemma

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10
Q

In muscles, the sarcomere extends between which structures?

A

Z-line to Z-line

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11
Q

Chitin is a common component of which type of skeleton?

A

Exoskeleton

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12
Q

Muscle contraction cannot take place without calcium because of which structure blocking the myosin binding sites?

A

Tropomyosin

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13
Q

A ‘shell’ is an example of what type of skeleton?

A

Exoskeleton

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14
Q

During muscle contraction, what initiates the ‘power stoke’?

A

The release of inorganic phosphate (Pi)

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15
Q

What are the most important minerals stored in bones?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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16
Q

What is the main substrate during respiration?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

What is the source of oxygen for aquatic animals?

A

Water

18
Q

How are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged through the respiratory membrane?

A

Simple Diffusion

19
Q

Which portions of the brain that contain respiratory centers and set the breathing rate?

A

Medulla and pons

20
Q

What is oxygen transported in the blood as?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

21
Q

Oxygen rich water flowing in the opposite direction to oxygen poor blood in order to maximize the diffusion across the surfaces of a gill is a concept called….

A

Countercurrent flow

22
Q

The surface area of gills is large due to the presence of what structure?

A

Lamellae

23
Q

What is the correct path of blood circulation?

A

right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body

24
Q

The primary digestive organ of the digestive system is the:

A

Small intestine

25
Q

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and releases them into the….

A

Duodenum

26
Q

Basal metabolism refers to…

A

The amount of energy required to carry out all vital processes

27
Q

Which dietary source of energy contains the most energy per gram (kcal/g)?

A

Triglycerides

28
Q

What is a poikilotherm?

A

An animal whose body temperature varies with the external environment

29
Q

How could you classify an animal that behaviourally regulates its body temperature during the daytime?

A

Homeothermic ectotherm

30
Q

By which method(s) of thermal energy transfer do amphibians regulate their body temperatures?

A

Conduction and radiation

31
Q

Where is Leptin released from?

A

Adipocytes (fat cells)

32
Q

Leptin has been shown to inhibit the release of what neuropeptide in the hypothalamus?

A

Neuropeptide Y

33
Q

If hungry animals are given blood transfusions from satiated (well fed) animals they:

A

Stop eating or eat very little

34
Q

In animal research, lesions to which part of the brain have been shown to cause appetite loss, resulting in a self-starvation syndrome?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

35
Q

Describe the sliding filament theory

A
  1. ) Ca2+ binds to tryponin, allowing myosin access to the active site. ATP binds to the myosin head
  2. ) ATP is expended and the myosin head moves into the ‘cocked’ position
  3. ) Head snaps back into the original position in a ‘power stroke’
36
Q

Define the Metabolic rate

A

The amount of energy expended per unit time

37
Q

How do we calculate the Respiratory Quotient?

A

RQ = CO2 produced / O2 consumed

38
Q

Describe the costs and benefits of sexual reproduction

A

Costs

  1. ) Finding + attracting a mate takes time and energy
  2. ) Slower increase in population size

Benefits

  1. ) Rare mutations can be brought together
  2. ) Harmful mutations can be removed quickly
  3. ) Mechanism of defense against parasites
39
Q

Describe r and k strategists

A

r-strategists

  • Production of large numbers of offspring without provision of a lot of parental care
  • Evolve in an unstable, changing, unpredictable environment

k-strategists

  • Production of few offspring + provision of a lot of parental care
  • Evolve in stable, unchanging, predictable climates with limited resources
40
Q

What is communication?

A

Transfer of information between two individuals

The sender has to intend to change the behavior of the recipient

41
Q

What is Hamilton’s Theory of Kin selection?

A

A gene for Altruism will spread if it is also in the individual who benefits from the altruism

First Year MCB (9 decks)

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