Animal and Plant Biology 2

Question 1

Name the 3 main types of skeleton

Answer 1

1. ) Hydrostatic
2. ) Exoskeleton
3. ) Endoskeleton

Question 2

Explain how bones can act as levers to produce movement

Answer 2

Muscles attach to the skeleton. Bones act as levers to produce joint rotation when muscle contracts.

Question 3

What is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 3

An elaborate and specialized network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that function in calcium storage

Question 4

Which chemical is required for the crossbridge cycle?

Answer 4

Calcium

Question 5

What is the main component of bone’s organic matrix?

Answer 5

Collagen

Question 6

Apodemes serve as attachment sites for muscles to the exoskeleton. What is the corresponding structure in endoskeletons called?

Answer 6

Tendons

Question 7

Hydroxyapatite is a mineral made of what?

Answer 7

Calcium and phosphate

Question 8

Which cell type, found in bone , is responsible for bone resorption?

Answer 8

Osteoclasts

Question 9

In a myocyte, t-tubules are an extension of what structure?

Answer 9

Sarcolemma

Question 10

In muscles, the sarcomere extends between which structures?

Answer 10

Z-line to Z-line

Question 11

Chitin is a common component of which type of skeleton?

Answer 11

Exoskeleton

Question 12

Muscle contraction cannot take place without calcium because of which structure blocking the myosin binding sites?

Answer 12

Tropomyosin

Question 13

A ‘shell’ is an example of what type of skeleton?

Answer 13

Exoskeleton

Question 14

During muscle contraction, what initiates the ‘power stoke’?

Answer 14

The release of inorganic phosphate (Pi)

Question 15

What are the most important minerals stored in bones?

Answer 15

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 16

What is the main substrate during respiration?

Answer 16

Glucose

Question 17

What is the source of oxygen for aquatic animals?

Answer 17

Water

Question 18

How are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged through the respiratory membrane?

Answer 18

Simple Diffusion

Question 19

Which portions of the brain that contain respiratory centers and set the breathing rate?

Answer 19

Medulla and pons

Question 20

What is oxygen transported in the blood as?

Answer 20

Oxyhaemoglobin

Question 21

Oxygen rich water flowing in the opposite direction to oxygen poor blood in order to maximize the diffusion across the surfaces of a gill is a concept called….

Answer 21

Countercurrent flow

Question 22

The surface area of gills is large due to the presence of what structure?

Answer 22

Lamellae

Question 23

What is the correct path of blood circulation?

Answer 23

right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body

Question 24

The primary digestive organ of the digestive system is the:

Answer 24

Small intestine

Question 25

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and releases them into the....

Answer 25

Duodenum

Question 26

Basal metabolism refers to...

Answer 26

The amount of energy required to carry out all vital processes

Question 27

Which dietary source of energy contains the most energy per gram (kcal/g)?

Answer 27

Triglycerides

Question 28

What is a poikilotherm?

Answer 28

An animal whose body temperature varies with the external environment

Question 29

How could you classify an animal that behaviourally regulates its body temperature during the daytime?

Answer 29

Homeothermic ectotherm

Question 30

By which method(s) of thermal energy transfer do amphibians regulate their body temperatures?

Answer 30

Conduction and radiation

Question 31

Where is Leptin released from?

Answer 31

Adipocytes (fat cells)

Question 32

Leptin has been shown to inhibit the release of what neuropeptide in the hypothalamus?

Answer 32

Neuropeptide Y

Question 33

If hungry animals are given blood transfusions from satiated (well fed) animals they:

Answer 33

Stop eating or eat very little

Question 34

In animal research, lesions to which part of the brain have been shown to cause appetite loss, resulting in a self-starvation syndrome?

Answer 34

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 35

Describe the sliding filament theory

Answer 35

1. ) Ca2+ binds to tryponin, allowing myosin access to the active site. ATP binds to the myosin head 2. ) ATP is expended and the myosin head moves into the 'cocked' position 3. ) Head snaps back into the original position in a 'power stroke'

Question 36

Define the Metabolic rate

Answer 36

The amount of energy expended per unit time

Question 37

How do we calculate the Respiratory Quotient?

Answer 37

RQ = CO2 produced / O2 consumed

Question 38

Describe the costs and benefits of sexual reproduction

Answer 38

Costs 1. ) Finding + attracting a mate takes time and energy 2. ) Slower increase in population size Benefits 1. ) Rare mutations can be brought together 2. ) Harmful mutations can be removed quickly 3. ) Mechanism of defense against parasites

Question 39

Describe r and k strategists

Answer 39

r-strategists - Production of large numbers of offspring without provision of a lot of parental care - Evolve in an unstable, changing, unpredictable environment k-strategists - Production of few offspring + provision of a lot of parental care - Evolve in stable, unchanging, predictable climates with limited resources

Question 40

What is communication?

Answer 40

Transfer of information between two individuals | The sender has to intend to change the behavior of the recipient

Question 41

What is Hamilton's Theory of Kin selection?

Answer 41

A gene for Altruism will spread if it is also in the individual who benefits from the altruism