Animal Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts
Define Physiology
The science of how the body functions.
What is the basic unit of life?
Cells
What is a prokaryote?
A cell that lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus
All bacteria are what type of cell?
Prokaryotes
What is a eukaryote?
A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and contains many different membrane-bound organelles
All multicellular organisms are composed of what type of cells?
Eukaryotic cells
What is the composition of eukaryotic cells?
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
What is the function of a cell membrane (plasma membrane)?
separates the cell from its external environment
The cell membrane consists of with what?
a double phospholipid layer with interspersed proteins
also contains carbohydrate chains and cholesterol
Is the cell membrane semipermeable?
Yes
Define semipermeable
allows various substances to move in and out of the cell
Define cilia
hair like projections that are used for surface movement
Define flagellum
a single longer projection that is used for cellular movement
What do microvilli do?
Increase surface area
What is cytoplasm?
Everything within the cell except the nucleus
Where are the ribosomes within the cytoplasm?
Floating freely or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
What are ribosomes composed of?
protein and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Ribosomes are the site of what function of the cell?
Site of protein synthesis
What is the mitochondria
“Powerhouse” of the cell
What does the mitochondria consist of?
mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein
Describe the membranes of the mitochondria?
double membrane with the inner membrane extending into folds
Define cristae
Inner membrane extending into folds to increase surface area for production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
How is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced?
through the process of cellular respiration (Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, tricarbocylic acid cycle)
Why would cells need larger numbers of mitochondrias?
certain cells muse large amounts of energy (EG, Skeletal muscles)
Define rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
A hollow system of flattened membranous channels with a attached ribosomes
What is the purpose of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
it acts as a transpiration network for proteins
Define smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
a hollow system of flattened membranous channels without attached ribosomes
Is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) involved in protein synthesis?
No
What is the purpose of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?
In synthesizing cholesterol, steroid-based hormones, and lipids
also in detoxification of drugs, breakdown of glycogen, and transportation of fats
That type of cells use large amounts of SER?
Liver cells
intestinal cells
interstitial cells of the testes
What is the Golgi complex (Golgi apparatus)?
stacked, saucer-shaped membranes that function as a receiving, packaging, and distribution center
How does the Golgi apparatus work
by modifying and packaging substances received from the ER and then exports them from the cell or releases them into the cytoplasm for internal use
What does the Golgi apparatus produced?
lysosomes
What does lysosomes contain?
digestive enzymes that digest intracellular bacteria and break down nonfunctional organelles
What principal organelles are involved with digestion of nutrients?
Lysosomes
Define autolysis
(Self-digestion of the cell)
How does autolysis occur?
if the lysosome enzymes are released into cytoplasm
Where are there a large number of lysosomes found?
phagocytic cells
What are peroxisomes?
membrane-bound organelles that contain strong oxidase and catalase enzymes
How do peroxisomes work?
by using oxygen to detoxify toxic substances, especially alcohol and formaldehyde
Where are there a large number of peroxisomes found?
Liver and kidney cells
What is the cytoskeleton consist of?
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
which are all made of proteins
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Provides an internal framework that gives the cell form, structure, and support
anchors organelles
enables movement
What are centrioles?
Microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube
What is the importance of centrioles?
In organizing the mitotic spindle
What forms the base of cilia and flagella?
Centrioles
What is the nucleus
control center of the cell
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA
What is DNA
form of chromatin in the nondividing cell and in the form of chromosomes in the dividing cell
What type of membrane does the nucleus have?
double, semipermeable nuclear membrane or envelope
Define Solute
a substance that can be dissolved
Define Solvent
a substance that does the dissolving
define solution
when the solute has dissolved and is no longer distinguishable from the solvent
define intracellular
within a cell
define extracellular
outside of a cell
What is passive processes?
no energy is expended by the cell
What is diffusion?
movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
How does oxygen and carbon dioxide trade?
Oxygen enters a cell and carbon dioxide exits a cell by simple diffusion though the lipid layer of the cell membrane
What is facilitated diffusion?
diffusion with the aid of carrier proteins
How does glucose enter the cell?
By facilitated diffusion
What is osmosis
Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute (high solvent_ to a region of high solute (low solvent)
What constantly moves in and out of the cell via osmosis?
Water
Define osmotic pressure
the amount of pressure necessary to stop the flow of water across the membrane
What is filtration?
substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
what is hydrostatic pressure
small solutes will pass through, larger molecules will not
In what organ does filtration play a big roll?
kidney function
Define active processes
energy is expended by the cell
What is endocytosis
materials are taken into the cell
Define phagocytosis
(Cell eating)
cell membrane extends around solid particles
what cells are phagocytic?
some white blood cells and macrophages
define pinocytosis
(cell drinking)
cell membrane extends around fluid droplets
What are pinocytosis important for?
absorptive cells in small intestine
What is receptor mediated?
specialized membrane receptors bind to substances entering the cell
What compounds enter the cell by receptor mediated
enzymes insulin hormones iron cholesterol
What is active transport
movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration to aid of carrier proteins
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
an active transport pump within cell membranes
Define hypotonic
extracellular fluid is less concentrated that the intracellular fluid
Define hemolysis
red blood cells placed in hypotonic solution will gain water though osmosis and burst
define hypertonic
extracellular fluid is more concentration than the intracellular fluid
define crenate
red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water though osmosis and shrivel
define isotonic
concentrations of the extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal
Define tissues
groups of similar cells with related functions
define Histology / microanatomy
the study of tissues
What are the four primary types of tissues?
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
Where are epithelial tissue located?
covers body surface, lines body cavities, and forms the active part of glands
What is the function of epithelial tissues?
protection secretion excretion filtration absorption of nutrients receipt of sensory information
What are the sub types of epithelial tissue?
squamous epithelium cuboidal epithelium columnar epithelium pseudostratified columnar epithelium transitional epithelium glandular epithelium
What do squamous epithelium look like
flat, thin, platelike cells
Where are simple squamous epithelial tissue cells located?
lines blood vessels
alveoli of lungs
thoracic and abdominal cavities
Where are stratified squamous epithelial tissue found?
areas of wear: nonkeratinized tissue lines the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum
keratinized tissue : epidermis
what do cuboidal epithelium look like
cube-shaped cells
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?
absorption and secretion
forms the active part of glands and small ducts, ovary surface, and kidney tubules
Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues located
(fairly rare) lines the ducts of sweat, salivary, and mammary glands
What do columnar epithelium cells look like?
tall, rectangular-shaped cells
Where are simple columnar epithelial tissues located?
lines the digestive tract from stomach to rectum
What is the purpose of simple columnar epithelial tissue?
absorption and secretion
What is the surface modification on the simple columnar epithelial tissue cells?
microvilli
What are goblet cells?
Mucus-secreting cells
Where does simple columnar epithelial tissue with cilia line?
bronchi
uterine tubes
uterus
Where is the stratified columnar epithelial tissue found?
(relatively rare) found in mammary ducts and portions of the male’s urethra
What do pseudostratified columnar epithelium look like?
appears to be more than on layer, but all cells touch the basal membrane
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue located?
respiratory tract
What do transitional epithelium resemble?
cuboidal and squamous shapes depending on the thickness of the organ
urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
Define endocrine
ductless
secretes hormones into the bloodstream
define exocrine
have ducts
secrete onto the surface
Where is connective tissue located?
throughout the body
Connective tissue is composed of what three elements?
cells
fibers
matrix (ground substance)
What is the function of connective tissue?
connects and supports protects insulates transports fluids stores energy
What does collagen fibers resemble?
White fibers
long, straight, very strong
What does elastic fibers resemble?
Yellow fibers
long, thin, branching, stretchable
What are collagen fibers composed of?
collagen
what are elastic fibers composed of?
elastin
What does reticular fibers resemble?
fine, collagen fibers in a complex network
Define -blast
immature and active cells
define -cyte
mature cells
What are the divisions of connective tissue types?
connective tissue proper
specialized connective tissue (and its subtypes)
Is skeletal muscle tissue striated?
Yes (striated)
Under what control is skeletal muscle tissue?
voluntary control
what do the skeletal muscle tissue look like?>
long, parallel striated fibers with multiple nuclei
What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?
attach to and move bones
Under what control is smooth muscle tissue?
Involuntary control
Depict smooth muscle tissue
spindle shape
smooth cells with a centrally located nucleus
Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
in lumens
Under what control is cardiac muscle tissue?
Involuntary control
Depict cardiac muscle tissue
long, striated cells that are joined at points
have a single, centrally located nucleus
Define intercalated discs
cardiac muscle cells joined at points
What is the function of nervous tissue?
conducting electrical impulses
where are the major locations of nervous tissue?
brain
spinal cord
nerves
What is the function of neurons?
conducts impulses
what is the function of neuroglia cells?
supporting cells
does not conduct impulses
What type of tissue(s) make up membranes?
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