Animal Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
The science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts
2
Q
Define Physiology
A
The science of how the body functions.
3
Q
What is the basic unit of life?
A
Cells
4
Q
What is a prokaryote?
A
A cell that lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus
5
Q
All bacteria are what type of cell?
A
Prokaryotes
6
Q
What is a eukaryote?
A
A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and contains many different membrane-bound organelles
7
Q
All multicellular organisms are composed of what type of cells?
A
Eukaryotic cells
8
Q
What is the composition of eukaryotic cells?
A
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
9
Q
What is the function of a cell membrane (plasma membrane)?
A
separates the cell from its external environment
10
Q
The cell membrane consists of with what?
A
a double phospholipid layer with interspersed proteins
also contains carbohydrate chains and cholesterol
11
Q
Is the cell membrane semipermeable?
A
Yes
12
Q
Define semipermeable
A
allows various substances to move in and out of the cell
13
Q
Define cilia
A
hair like projections that are used for surface movement
14
Q
Define flagellum
A
a single longer projection that is used for cellular movement
15
Q
What do microvilli do?
A
Increase surface area
16
Q
What is cytoplasm?
A
Everything within the cell except the nucleus
17
Q
Where are the ribosomes within the cytoplasm?
A
Floating freely or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
18
Q
What are ribosomes composed of?
A
protein and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA)
19
Q
Ribosomes are the site of what function of the cell?
A
Site of protein synthesis
20
Q
What is the mitochondria
A
“Powerhouse” of the cell
21
Q
What does the mitochondria consist of?
A
mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein
22
Q
Describe the membranes of the mitochondria?
A
double membrane with the inner membrane extending into folds
23
Q
Define cristae
A
Inner membrane extending into folds to increase surface area for production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
24
Q
How is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced?
A
through the process of cellular respiration (Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, tricarbocylic acid cycle)
25
Why would cells need larger numbers of mitochondrias?
certain cells muse large amounts of energy (EG, Skeletal muscles)
26
Define rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
A hollow system of flattened membranous channels with a attached ribosomes
27
What is the purpose of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
it acts as a transpiration network for proteins
28
Define smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
a hollow system of flattened membranous channels without attached ribosomes
29
Is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) involved in protein synthesis?
No
30
What is the purpose of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?
In synthesizing cholesterol, steroid-based hormones, and lipids
also in detoxification of drugs, breakdown of glycogen, and transportation of fats
31
That type of cells use large amounts of SER?
Liver cells
intestinal cells
interstitial cells of the testes
32
What is the Golgi complex (Golgi apparatus)?
stacked, saucer-shaped membranes that function as a receiving, packaging, and distribution center
33
How does the Golgi apparatus work
by modifying and packaging substances received from the ER and then exports them from the cell or releases them into the cytoplasm for internal use
34
What does the Golgi apparatus produced?
lysosomes
35
What does lysosomes contain?
digestive enzymes that digest intracellular bacteria and break down nonfunctional organelles
36
What principal organelles are involved with digestion of nutrients?
Lysosomes
37
Define autolysis
(Self-digestion of the cell)
38
How does autolysis occur?
if the lysosome enzymes are released into cytoplasm
39
Where are there a large number of lysosomes found?
phagocytic cells
40
What are peroxisomes?
membrane-bound organelles that contain strong oxidase and catalase enzymes
41
How do peroxisomes work?
by using oxygen to detoxify toxic substances, especially alcohol and formaldehyde
42
Where are there a large number of peroxisomes found?
Liver and kidney cells
43
What is the cytoskeleton consist of?
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
| which are all made of proteins
44
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Provides an internal framework that gives the cell form, structure, and support
anchors organelles
enables movement
45
What are centrioles?
Microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube
46
What is the importance of centrioles?
In organizing the mitotic spindle
47
What forms the base of cilia and flagella?
Centrioles
48
What is the nucleus
control center of the cell
49
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA
50
What is DNA
form of chromatin in the nondividing cell and in the form of chromosomes in the dividing cell
51
What type of membrane does the nucleus have?
double, semipermeable nuclear membrane or envelope
52
Define Solute
a substance that can be dissolved
53
Define Solvent
a substance that does the dissolving
54
define solution
when the solute has dissolved and is no longer distinguishable from the solvent
55
define intracellular
within a cell
56
define extracellular
outside of a cell
57
What is passive processes?
no energy is expended by the cell
58
What is diffusion?
movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
59
How does oxygen and carbon dioxide trade?
Oxygen enters a cell and carbon dioxide exits a cell by simple diffusion though the lipid layer of the cell membrane
60
What is facilitated diffusion?
diffusion with the aid of carrier proteins
61
How does glucose enter the cell?
By facilitated diffusion
62
What is osmosis
Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute (high solvent_ to a region of high solute (low solvent)
63
What constantly moves in and out of the cell via osmosis?
Water
64
Define osmotic pressure
the amount of pressure necessary to stop the flow of water across the membrane
65
What is filtration?
substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
66
what is hydrostatic pressure
small solutes will pass through, larger molecules will not
67
In what organ does filtration play a big roll?
kidney function
68
Define active processes
energy is expended by the cell
69
What is endocytosis
materials are taken into the cell
70
Define phagocytosis
(Cell eating)
| cell membrane extends around solid particles
71
what cells are phagocytic?
some white blood cells and macrophages
72
define pinocytosis
(cell drinking)
| cell membrane extends around fluid droplets
73
What are pinocytosis important for?
absorptive cells in small intestine
74
What is receptor mediated?
specialized membrane receptors bind to substances entering the cell
75
What compounds enter the cell by receptor mediated
```
enzymes
insulin
hormones
iron
cholesterol
```
76
What is active transport
movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration to aid of carrier proteins
77
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
an active transport pump within cell membranes
78
Define hypotonic
extracellular fluid is less concentrated that the intracellular fluid
79
Define hemolysis
red blood cells placed in hypotonic solution will gain water though osmosis and burst
80
define hypertonic
extracellular fluid is more concentration than the intracellular fluid
81
define crenate
red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water though osmosis and shrivel
82
define isotonic
concentrations of the extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal
83
Define tissues
groups of similar cells with related functions
84
define Histology / microanatomy
the study of tissues
85
What are the four primary types of tissues?
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
86
Where are epithelial tissue located?
covers body surface, lines body cavities, and forms the active part of glands
87
What is the function of epithelial tissues?
```
protection
secretion
excretion
filtration
absorption of nutrients
receipt of sensory information
```
88
What are the sub types of epithelial tissue?
```
squamous epithelium
cuboidal epithelium
columnar epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium
glandular epithelium
```
89
What do squamous epithelium look like
flat, thin, platelike cells
90
Where are simple squamous epithelial tissue cells located?
lines blood vessels
alveoli of lungs
thoracic and abdominal cavities
91
Where are stratified squamous epithelial tissue found?
areas of wear: nonkeratinized tissue lines the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum
keratinized tissue : epidermis
92
what do cuboidal epithelium look like
cube-shaped cells
93
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?
absorption and secretion
| forms the active part of glands and small ducts, ovary surface, and kidney tubules
94
Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues located
(fairly rare) lines the ducts of sweat, salivary, and mammary glands
95
What do columnar epithelium cells look like?
tall, rectangular-shaped cells
96
Where are simple columnar epithelial tissues located?
lines the digestive tract from stomach to rectum
97
What is the purpose of simple columnar epithelial tissue?
absorption and secretion
98
What is the surface modification on the simple columnar epithelial tissue cells?
microvilli
99
What are goblet cells?
Mucus-secreting cells
100
Where does simple columnar epithelial tissue with cilia line?
bronchi
uterine tubes
uterus
101
Where is the stratified columnar epithelial tissue found?
(relatively rare) found in mammary ducts and portions of the male's urethra
102
What do pseudostratified columnar epithelium look like?
appears to be more than on layer, but all cells touch the basal membrane
103
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue located?
respiratory tract
104
What do transitional epithelium resemble?
cuboidal and squamous shapes depending on the thickness of the organ
urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
105
Define endocrine
ductless
| secretes hormones into the bloodstream
106
define exocrine
have ducts
| secrete onto the surface
107
Where is connective tissue located?
throughout the body
108
Connective tissue is composed of what three elements?
cells
fibers
matrix (ground substance)
109
What is the function of connective tissue?
```
connects and supports
protects
insulates
transports fluids
stores energy
```
110
What does collagen fibers resemble?
White fibers
| long, straight, very strong
111
What does elastic fibers resemble?
Yellow fibers
| long, thin, branching, stretchable
112
What are collagen fibers composed of?
collagen
113
what are elastic fibers composed of?
elastin
114
What does reticular fibers resemble?
fine, collagen fibers in a complex network
115
Define -blast
immature and active cells
116
define -cyte
mature cells
117
What are the divisions of connective tissue types?
connective tissue proper
| specialized connective tissue (and its subtypes)
118
Is skeletal muscle tissue striated?
Yes (striated)
119
Under what control is skeletal muscle tissue?
voluntary control
120
what do the skeletal muscle tissue look like?>
long, parallel striated fibers with multiple nuclei
121
What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?
attach to and move bones
122
Under what control is smooth muscle tissue?
Involuntary control
123
Depict smooth muscle tissue
spindle shape
| smooth cells with a centrally located nucleus
124
Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
in lumens
125
Under what control is cardiac muscle tissue?
Involuntary control
126
Depict cardiac muscle tissue
long, striated cells that are joined at points
| have a single, centrally located nucleus
127
Define intercalated discs
cardiac muscle cells joined at points
128
What is the function of nervous tissue?
conducting electrical impulses
129
where are the major locations of nervous tissue?
brain
spinal cord
nerves
130
What is the function of neurons?
conducts impulses
131
what is the function of neuroglia cells?
supporting cells
| does not conduct impulses
132
What type of tissue(s) make up membranes?
asd
