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VTNE Review Book > Animal Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Animal Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

The science of how the body functions.

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3
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

Cells

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4
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A cell that lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus

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5
Q

All bacteria are what type of cell?

A

Prokaryotes

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6
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and contains many different membrane-bound organelles

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7
Q

All multicellular organisms are composed of what type of cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

What is the composition of eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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9
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane (plasma membrane)?

A

separates the cell from its external environment

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10
Q

The cell membrane consists of with what?

A

a double phospholipid layer with interspersed proteins

also contains carbohydrate chains and cholesterol

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11
Q

Is the cell membrane semipermeable?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Define semipermeable

A

allows various substances to move in and out of the cell

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13
Q

Define cilia

A

hair like projections that are used for surface movement

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14
Q

Define flagellum

A

a single longer projection that is used for cellular movement

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15
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area

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16
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Everything within the cell except the nucleus

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17
Q

Where are the ribosomes within the cytoplasm?

A

Floating freely or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

protein and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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19
Q

Ribosomes are the site of what function of the cell?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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20
Q

What is the mitochondria

A

“Powerhouse” of the cell

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21
Q

What does the mitochondria consist of?

A

mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein

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22
Q

Describe the membranes of the mitochondria?

A

double membrane with the inner membrane extending into folds

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23
Q

Define cristae

A

Inner membrane extending into folds to increase surface area for production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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24
Q

How is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced?

A

through the process of cellular respiration (Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, tricarbocylic acid cycle)

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25
Q

Why would cells need larger numbers of mitochondrias?

A

certain cells muse large amounts of energy (EG, Skeletal muscles)

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26
Q

Define rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

A hollow system of flattened membranous channels with a attached ribosomes

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

it acts as a transpiration network for proteins

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28
Q

Define smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

a hollow system of flattened membranous channels without attached ribosomes

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29
Q

Is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) involved in protein synthesis?

A

No

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30
Q

What is the purpose of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

A

In synthesizing cholesterol, steroid-based hormones, and lipids
also in detoxification of drugs, breakdown of glycogen, and transportation of fats

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31
Q

That type of cells use large amounts of SER?

A

Liver cells
intestinal cells
interstitial cells of the testes

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32
Q

What is the Golgi complex (Golgi apparatus)?

A

stacked, saucer-shaped membranes that function as a receiving, packaging, and distribution center

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33
Q

How does the Golgi apparatus work

A

by modifying and packaging substances received from the ER and then exports them from the cell or releases them into the cytoplasm for internal use

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34
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus produced?

A

lysosomes

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35
Q

What does lysosomes contain?

A

digestive enzymes that digest intracellular bacteria and break down nonfunctional organelles

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36
Q

What principal organelles are involved with digestion of nutrients?

A

Lysosomes

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37
Q

Define autolysis

A

(Self-digestion of the cell)

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38
Q

How does autolysis occur?

A

if the lysosome enzymes are released into cytoplasm

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39
Q

Where are there a large number of lysosomes found?

A

phagocytic cells

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40
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

membrane-bound organelles that contain strong oxidase and catalase enzymes

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41
Q

How do peroxisomes work?

A

by using oxygen to detoxify toxic substances, especially alcohol and formaldehyde

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42
Q

Where are there a large number of peroxisomes found?

A

Liver and kidney cells

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43
Q

What is the cytoskeleton consist of?

A

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

which are all made of proteins

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44
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Provides an internal framework that gives the cell form, structure, and support
anchors organelles
enables movement

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45
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube

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46
Q

What is the importance of centrioles?

A

In organizing the mitotic spindle

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47
Q

What forms the base of cilia and flagella?

A

Centrioles

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48
Q

What is the nucleus

A

control center of the cell

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49
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

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50
Q

What is DNA

A

form of chromatin in the nondividing cell and in the form of chromosomes in the dividing cell

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51
Q

What type of membrane does the nucleus have?

A

double, semipermeable nuclear membrane or envelope

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52
Q

Define Solute

A

a substance that can be dissolved

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53
Q

Define Solvent

A

a substance that does the dissolving

54
Q

define solution

A

when the solute has dissolved and is no longer distinguishable from the solvent

55
Q

define intracellular

A

within a cell

56
Q

define extracellular

A

outside of a cell

57
Q

What is passive processes?

A

no energy is expended by the cell

58
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

59
Q

How does oxygen and carbon dioxide trade?

A

Oxygen enters a cell and carbon dioxide exits a cell by simple diffusion though the lipid layer of the cell membrane

60
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

diffusion with the aid of carrier proteins

61
Q

How does glucose enter the cell?

A

By facilitated diffusion

62
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute (high solvent_ to a region of high solute (low solvent)

63
Q

What constantly moves in and out of the cell via osmosis?

A

Water

64
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

the amount of pressure necessary to stop the flow of water across the membrane

65
Q

What is filtration?

A

substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure

66
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

small solutes will pass through, larger molecules will not

67
Q

In what organ does filtration play a big roll?

A

kidney function

68
Q

Define active processes

A

energy is expended by the cell

69
Q

What is endocytosis

A

materials are taken into the cell

70
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

(Cell eating)

cell membrane extends around solid particles

71
Q

what cells are phagocytic?

A

some white blood cells and macrophages

72
Q

define pinocytosis

A

(cell drinking)

cell membrane extends around fluid droplets

73
Q

What are pinocytosis important for?

A

absorptive cells in small intestine

74
Q

What is receptor mediated?

A

specialized membrane receptors bind to substances entering the cell

75
Q

What compounds enter the cell by receptor mediated

A 
enzymes
insulin
hormones
iron
cholesterol
76
Q

What is active transport

A

movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration to aid of carrier proteins

77
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A

an active transport pump within cell membranes

78
Q

Define hypotonic

A

extracellular fluid is less concentrated that the intracellular fluid

79
Q

Define hemolysis

A

red blood cells placed in hypotonic solution will gain water though osmosis and burst

80
Q

define hypertonic

A

extracellular fluid is more concentration than the intracellular fluid

81
Q

define crenate

A

red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water though osmosis and shrivel

82
Q

define isotonic

A

concentrations of the extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal

83
Q

Define tissues

A

groups of similar cells with related functions

84
Q

define Histology / microanatomy

A

the study of tissues

85
Q

What are the four primary types of tissues?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

86
Q

Where are epithelial tissue located?

A

covers body surface, lines body cavities, and forms the active part of glands

87
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissues?

A 
protection
secretion
excretion
filtration
absorption of nutrients
receipt of sensory information
88
Q

What are the sub types of epithelial tissue?

A 
squamous epithelium
cuboidal epithelium
columnar epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium
glandular epithelium
89
Q

What do squamous epithelium look like

A

flat, thin, platelike cells

90
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelial tissue cells located?

A

lines blood vessels
alveoli of lungs
thoracic and abdominal cavities

91
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelial tissue found?

A

areas of wear: nonkeratinized tissue lines the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum
keratinized tissue : epidermis

92
Q

what do cuboidal epithelium look like

A

cube-shaped cells

93
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

absorption and secretion

forms the active part of glands and small ducts, ovary surface, and kidney tubules

94
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues located

A

(fairly rare) lines the ducts of sweat, salivary, and mammary glands

95
Q

What do columnar epithelium cells look like?

A

tall, rectangular-shaped cells

96
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelial tissues located?

A

lines the digestive tract from stomach to rectum

97
Q

What is the purpose of simple columnar epithelial tissue?

A

absorption and secretion

98
Q

What is the surface modification on the simple columnar epithelial tissue cells?

A

microvilli

99
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Mucus-secreting cells

100
Q

Where does simple columnar epithelial tissue with cilia line?

A

bronchi
uterine tubes
uterus

101
Q

Where is the stratified columnar epithelial tissue found?

A

(relatively rare) found in mammary ducts and portions of the male’s urethra

102
Q

What do pseudostratified columnar epithelium look like?

A

appears to be more than on layer, but all cells touch the basal membrane

103
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue located?

A

respiratory tract

104
Q

What do transitional epithelium resemble?

A

cuboidal and squamous shapes depending on the thickness of the organ
urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

105
Q

Define endocrine

A

ductless

secretes hormones into the bloodstream

106
Q

define exocrine

A

have ducts

secrete onto the surface

107
Q

Where is connective tissue located?

A

throughout the body

108
Q

Connective tissue is composed of what three elements?

A

cells
fibers
matrix (ground substance)

109
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A 
connects and supports
protects
insulates
transports fluids
stores energy
110
Q

What does collagen fibers resemble?

A

White fibers

long, straight, very strong

111
Q

What does elastic fibers resemble?

A

Yellow fibers

long, thin, branching, stretchable

112
Q

What are collagen fibers composed of?

A

collagen

113
Q

what are elastic fibers composed of?

A

elastin

114
Q

What does reticular fibers resemble?

A

fine, collagen fibers in a complex network

115
Q

Define -blast

A

immature and active cells

116
Q

define -cyte

A

mature cells

117
Q

What are the divisions of connective tissue types?

A

connective tissue proper

specialized connective tissue (and its subtypes)

118
Q

Is skeletal muscle tissue striated?

A

Yes (striated)

119
Q

Under what control is skeletal muscle tissue?

A

voluntary control

120
Q

what do the skeletal muscle tissue look like?>

A

long, parallel striated fibers with multiple nuclei

121
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

attach to and move bones

122
Q

Under what control is smooth muscle tissue?

A

Involuntary control

123
Q

Depict smooth muscle tissue

A

spindle shape

smooth cells with a centrally located nucleus

124
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

A

in lumens

125
Q

Under what control is cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Involuntary control

126
Q

Depict cardiac muscle tissue

A

long, striated cells that are joined at points

have a single, centrally located nucleus

127
Q

Define intercalated discs

A

cardiac muscle cells joined at points

128
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

conducting electrical impulses

129
Q

where are the major locations of nervous tissue?

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

130
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

conducts impulses

131
Q

what is the function of neuroglia cells?

A

supporting cells

does not conduct impulses

132
Q

What type of tissue(s) make up membranes?

A

asd

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