anglo saxons Flashcards
Name the five main features of the Anglo-Saxon social system.
king, earls, thegns, peasants (ceorls + unfree peasants) , slaves
What % were slaves in Anglo-Saxon society?
10%
Who were the thegns?
They were minor landowners and were the warrior class (equivalent to knights).
How many thegns were there in in England 1060?
5,000
What is an earl?
They were major landowners.
What was an earls role in society?
They would advise the king on matters of state and govern large areas of England for the King.
What was the main role of the Anglo-Saxon king?
To protect his people from attack and to give the people laws to maintain safety.
What did every boy have to do at the age of 12 in Anglo-Saxon England?
Swear an oath of allegiance to the King.
What power did Anglo-Saxon kings have?
They could make laws. Control the production of silver pennies. Owned huge land estates that brought in money for him and provided him with land to give to his followers. He could raise armies and command them. He decided when and how much tax was to be paid, e.g. the geld tax.
What was Danelaw?
The North of England. It was called Danelaw because the North was settled by Danes (Vikings).
Why did Danelaw limit the power of King Edward the Confessor?
Danelaw had a different culture to that of the South, they were prone to ignore the orders of King Edward.
What limited Edward the Confessors’ power?
Danelaw and the earls
Who was the most powerful earl in the early part of Edward’s reign?
Earl Godwin
What was the Witan?
A council of nobles that advised the king.
As well as advising the King, what was the Witan responsible for?
Advising the king and selecting a new one
Who else were an important part of national/central government?
Earls
What was the economic role the earls had in governance?
Responsible for collecting taxes
What was the justice role the earls had in governance?
They oversaw justice and legal punishments in their earldoms.
How did the earls have a strong military power?
They had hundreds of thegns who could fight for them.
What were the earldoms divided up into?
Shires
The shires had a social role. What was it?
It had a court to trying cases and giving out punishment.
The shires had a political role. What was it?
Each shire had a shire reeve, who was the King’s representative.
The shires had a economic role. What was it?
Each shire had a burh (fortified town) which was the centre of trade.
The shires had a military role. What was it?
Each shire provided troops for the fyrd (military).
What was the role of a shire reeve?
Collected taxes and administered justice within his shire
What was the general fyrd?
The general fyrd gathered men to fight who didn’t travel outside their local area
What was the select fyrd?
The select fyrd gathered men to fight anywhere in England for the king.
Who made the laws for the people’s protection?
The king and his representatives.
What is a wergild?
This was a payment to the family of a murder victim from the criminal.
How much was the wergild to be paid for the death of a thegn?
1,200 shillings was paid to the family of a thegn.
The wergild was introduced to prevent what?
Blood feuds (a domino effect of endless revenge).
Another part of the legal system was ‘collective responsibility’. What was collective responsibility?
Every man was responsible for each others actions within their tithing (small community).
What was the ‘Hue and the Cry’?
The members of the tithing (small community) would be responsible to hunt down a criminal within their community.
What would happen to the tithing (10 households) if they did not capture the criminal?
Everyone would be fined.
Name four features of the Anglo-Saxon economy?
Tax, towns, overseas trade, stable currency.
Who controlled the minting of coins?
The King
How often were coins recalled for minting?
Every 5 years
Why did minting empower the king?
He could control and regulate the economy.
Taxes were raised by the geld tax. What was the geld tax?
Geld tax was a tax paid to defend against the Danes.
How much money was usually raised from the geld tax across the country?
£6,000 (3.4 million today).
What % of the population lived in towns?
10%
What two cities had more than 10,000 people living in them?
London and York
Anglo-Saxon England traded with lots of countries in Europe. what was the most common export?
Wool
How were Anglo-Saxon Churches different to European churches?
there was a focus on Celtic Saints, priests could marry, monasteries took more of a community role.
How did the Godwins gain/maintain so much power?
They gained earldoms around the country.
What earldom did Harold Godwinson control?
Harold Godwinson controlled the Earldom of Wessex.
What earldom did Harold’s brother Tostig Godwinson control?
Tostig controlled the Earldom of Nothumbria.
What earldom did Harold’s brother older brother Gyrth Godwinson control?
Gyrth Godwinson controlled the Earldom of East Anglia.
How did so many earldoms allow the Godwin family maintain so much power?
The rents for the lands they owned gave them lots of money.
The Godwins had a large army which helped them maintain power. Why did they have such a large army?
They had hundreds of thegns working for them.
Who did Harold Godwinson’s sister Edith marry?
Edith Godwinson married King Edward the confessor.
The Godwin family was also powerful due to military successes. Where were they successful in battle?
Wales
Who did the Godwins defeat in Wales?
Gruffudd ap Llywelyn.
How did the military success give the Godwin family more power?
It massively increased their reputation and made potential rivals scared to challenge their power.
There was a massive rebellion against Tostig Godwinson in Northumbria. What was the economic causes?
Too much taxation
What was the political causes?
Tostig was friendly with the king of Scotland, an enemy of the North. Tostig’s was a southerner and Tostig assassinated high-ranking Northumbrian nobles.
What were the social causes?
The north was ‘Danelaw’ and were no used Tostigs southern, Saxon ways.
How did Harold Godwinson, react to the rebellion against his brother Tostig in the North?
Harold and Edward the Confessor did not support Tostig. They blamed him for the rebellion and Tostig fled to Europe in exile.
How did Tostig react to his brother not supporting him?
He was furious and joined up with the King of Norway, Harald Hardrada.
Before Edward the Confessor died, Harold was shipwrecked in Normandy. who did he befriend?
William of Normandy.
In Normandy Harold swore an oath. what was this oath?
Harold promised to support William as the next King of England when Edward dies.
What did Harold swear his oath on?
Holy relics.
Who were the four Claimants to the throne?
Harold Godwinson, Harald Hardrada, William of Normandy, Edgar the Aethling.
What was Harold Godwinson’s claim to the throne?
He was ‘promised the throne’ by Edward the Confessor on his deathbed. The Witan also voted for him to be king.
What was William’s claim to the throne?
He was Edward the Confessors cousin and he was promised the throne by William years before.
What was Harald Hardrada’s claim to the throne?
Harald Hardrada claimed that his father was promised the throne.
Did anyone believe Harald Hardrada’s claim to the throne?
No one believes him.
What was Edgar the Aethlings claim?
He was Edward’s nephew.
Which one has been considered least significant?
Edgar the Aethling.
Who became king after Edward died?
Harold Godwinson
Who elected Harold Godwinson King?
The Witan
After Harold became King, who tried (but was unsuccessful) to invade first?
William of Normandy
Why could he not invade at this point?
The winds were blowing in the wrong direction.
Who actually invaded first?
Harald Hardrada
What was the battle that took place in 1066?
Battle of Gate Fulford
Who was Gate Fulford fought between?
EnglishEarls Edwin and Morcar vs Harald Hardrad and Tostig
How many troops did Edwin and Morcar have?
6,000
How many troops did Harald Hardrada and Tostig have?
9,000
Who won the battle?
Harald Hardrada and Tostig
How did Harald Hardrada win the battle?
Harald used his best troops to attack Edwin and Morcar’s troop from the side. The English were then forced onto a marsh and were cut down.
The next battle was at Stamford Bridge. Who was it fought between?
Harold Godwinson vs Harald Hardrada and Tostig.
How did the Battle of Gate Fulford contribute to Harald Hardrada losing the Battle of Stamford Bridge?
Harald Hardrada’s army was exhausted from the Battle of Gate Fulford.
Who won the battle?
Harold Godwinson
What was Harald Hardrada’s army doing when they were attacked by Harold Godwinson?
Celebrating their victory at Gate Fulford.
What did Hardrada’s army not have with them when they were attacked?
Their Armour
How much of Hardrada’s army was left behind in the ships at the time of Stamford Bridge?
A third
Which army was larger, Godwinson’s or Hardrada’s?
Godwinson’s
How did Godwinson’s get so big?
Godwinson collected troops when travelling North from London.
Harold Godwinson had housecarl soldiers with him. Who were they?
England’s elite, best troops.
How did they help Harold Godwinson win the Battle of Stamford Bridge?
They were extremely skilful and experienced troops. They were able to break through Hardrada’s lines.
After the Battle of Stamford ended, what happened in the South of England?
William of Normandy invaded the South of England.
What did William of Normandy do when he first arrived in southern England?
Plunder the South of England and built a motte and bailey castle.
Why were the battles of Gate of Fulford and Stamford Bridge significant? (think effect on the Battle of Hastings)
The battle exhausted the Saxons and reduced their numbers.
What did Harold not have enough time to collect due to his speedy and exhausting march south to fight William?
Archers
What was the name of the battle were Harold Godwinson and William of Normandy met?
Battle of Hastings
Who were William of Normandy’s elite? (best troops)
Heavy Calvary (knights)
Who were Harold Godwinson’s Elite? (best troops)
Housecarls (heavy infantry)
Who were William of Normandy’s basic troops?
Archers and foot soldiers
Who were Harold Godwinson’s basic troops?
Foot soldiers (fyrd)
How did the Battle of Stamford Bridge help William win the Battle of Hastings?
It exhausted the English troops before the battle and gave William time to prepare for the battle, raid the South of England and build a castle.
What battle strategy did Harold use and did it work?
Harold built a shield wall at the top of the hill. This was very successful as Williams calvary could not break through it.
What was the rumour that was going around during the battle?
That William had died. He lifted his helmet to show he was alive.
What tactic did William deploy to win the battle?
He pretended to run away with his calvary. The shield wall broke to chase the calvary, but they simply turned around and cut them down.
How did Harold die?
Arrow through the eye.
After the Battle of Hastings was William in complete control of the country?
No
Why did he not attempt to take London straight away?
It was heavily fortified.
What did William do instead of marching on London immediately after Hastings?
He raided and attacked towns and villages all around the south of England.
How did this help William’s chances of taking London and the rest of the country?
It was frightening and it intimidated the English.
Eventually the Anglo-Saxon Earls agreed to meet William. Where did they meet him?
Berkhamstead
Which three importannt earls met William at Berkhamstead?
Edwin, Morcar, Edgar the Aethling
What did the earls do at Berkhamstead?
They swore allegiance (loyalty) to William of Normandy.
Why did the Earls submit to William? (LEARN ALL)
The Earls were frightened of the consequences if they didn’t. William was also a very strong military leader and they had seen what had happened after the battle of Hastings with William raiding villages etc. Edgar the Aethling was the only other alternative and he was unsure how to go about becoming king.
Why was William generous to them allowing the Earls to keep their titles?
He only had 5,000 men left and the English could raise men at the fyrd. William might not win the next battel.
In return to the oath of allegiance, what did William promise in return?
William allowed them to keep their titles and promised to be a gracious Lord to them
When was William crowned King of England?
Christmas day 1066
What were the Marcher Earldoms?
The Marcher Earldoms were Earldoms set up along the borderlands with Wales. “March” means border in Welsh
What were the defensive reasons behind the establishment of the Marcher Earldoms?
Defence against Welsh invasions into England.
The Marcher earldoms were established for colonisation. Who did William want to colonise these areas?
Normans in France
Why did William want colonisation of Normans?
To ensure the areas remain loyal to him as King.
What were the Marcher Earls allowed to build freely in their Earldoms?
Castles
Why did William want castles built there?
To help control the people there.
What was another important reason why William established the Marcher Earldoms?
To reward his powerful supporters who fought with him at Hastings.
What was the name of the type of castle that William and the Normans constructed after the conquest?
Motte and Bailey
Why was it important William did this?
To make sure they stay loyal to him and do not go home to Normandy and leave William in England without support.
What were they made of?
Wood
Which castle was the exception and was made out of stone?
The Tower of London
What was the motte?
A man-made hill
What was on top of the motte?
The keep, where the Lord live. It was the best protected part of the castle
What was the bailey?
The courtyard where soldiers, horses and servants lived.
What wooded structure surrounded the bailey to protect it?
A palisade (a wooden wall)
What further surrounded the entire castle for additional protection?
A ditch which was sometimes filled the water
Why did William order the castles’ construction?
To provide a defence against the Saxon rebels, to intimidate Saxons to ensure they are controlled.
What did the Anglo-Saxon English think of the castles and why?
They hated them as they were seen as a symbol of their opression.