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1
Q

Public Opinion

A

attitudes people have about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events (opinion is shared by values and beliefs)

  • political culture
  • political ideology
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2
Q

Public culture

A

a widely shared set of values and beliefs about politics and government within a society

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3
Q

Public Ideology

A

cohesive set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and the role of government

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4
Q

Conservatism Political ideology

A

free market, limited government, individual self-reliance in economic affairs, combined with a belief in the value of tradition, law, and morality in social affairs

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5
Q

Liberalism Political Ideology

A

strong government to provide economic security and protection for civil rights, combined with a freedom from government intervention in social conduct

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6
Q

Political Socialization

A

process by which individuals acquire political attitudes, beliefs, and values
(begins early in life and continues through adulthood)

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7
Q

Agents of political socialization

A

individuals/institutions involved in socializing

example: family, friends, media, school, religious institutions, government

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8
Q

Polling

A

surveying / recording peoples’ opinions

Polling typically done to assess the views of large populations

Polls use samples to subset of population

Example: Do you approve or disapprove of the way Joe Biden is handling his job as president?

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9
Q

Random Sampling

A

a method used to select a sample in which every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

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10
Q

What does Random sampling eliminate?

A

selection bias, error that arises when the sample is not representative of the larger population

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11
Q

Sampling error

A

level of confidence in the findings of the public opinion poll

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12
Q

Direction

A

proportion of population holding views on an issue

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13
Q

Intensity

A

strength of opinion about an issue

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14
Q

Salience

A

the importance of the issue in a person’s everyday life

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15
Q

Stability

A

the extent to which opinion changes over time

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16
Q

Use of Public Opinion Polls

A

Political candidates, people in government, and media

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17
Q

Mass Media

A

means of communication that reaches the public

Examples: print media, broadcast media, digital media (Internet or new media like social media and citizen journalism

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18
Q

The criteria used to select stories

A

news that is breaking

news involving violence, conflict and scandal

news involving familiar individuals

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19
Q

Election Reporting

A

horse-race coverage – elections as a contest or battle

standing in polls, amount of money raised or spent, turnout at events, accusations by candidates against each other

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20
Q

Media Role

A

to inform the public, serve as watchdog (oversight)

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21
Q

Investigative Journalism

A

in-depth reporting to reveal wrongdoing

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22
Q

Government’s use of the media

A

to inform the public

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23
Q

Press conference (Government Media Strategies)

A

a meeting between government officials and the media

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24
Q

Media event (Government Media Strategies)

A

a event purposely staged for the media, designed to look spontaneous and to draw media coverage

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25
Q

New leaks

A

anonymous release of information to the media

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26
Q

Trail Balloon

A

coordinated, strategic release

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27
Q

Newsmaking (Influence on Public Opinion

A

deciding what constitutes news

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28
Q

Selection bias (Influence on Public Opinion)

A

focusing on certain aspects of an issue and ignoring others

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29
Q

Framing (Influence on Public Opinion)

A

words, images, and tone in reporting

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30
Q

Agenda-setting (Influence on Public Opinion)

A

creating public demand for government action (drawing public attention to issue or problems)

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31
Q

Priming (Influence on Public Opinion)

A

influencing how the public will evaluate a leader or issue

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32
Q

Political party

A

a group of people who seek to control government by gaining political office, seeking to shape the policy process and achieve shared goals

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33
Q

Party identification

A

a person’s support for a political party usually expressed in his or her tendency to vote for candidates of that party

34
Q

Build coalitions

A

bring people together in semi-permanent groups

35
Q

Articulate policies

A

help develop and advocate policy solution, party platforms: statements of party goals and agenda

36
Q

Function of Political Parties

A

Gives cues to voters (help voters make decisions)

The connection between the voter, the party and the candidate

37
Q

Facilitate Elections

A

recruit candidates, help run campaigns, register voters, etc..

38
Q

Organize Government

A

Provide organization to institutions, help coordinate policy process

39
Q

Political Participation

Two types?

A

activities used to influence the selection of leaders or the policies they pursue
Conventional-common and widely accepted
Unconventional-infrequent, less widely accepted and often dramatic

40
Q

Voter Turnout

A

percentage of eligible voters who vote in an election

41
Q

Election Cycle
Presidential election year?
Midterm election?
Off-year elections?

A

Presidential election year-president, congress, and senate/local
Midterm Election-Congress and senate/local
Off-year election- state/local

42
Q

Voters Behavior, Reasons For Voters not Voting?

A 
apathy
vote doesn’t matter
low levels of political knowledge
lack of choice
access to polls
time/priorities
not registered
43
Q

Factors Affecting Voter Choices

A

Policy Voting- evaluation of candidates’ positions on issues

Candidate image- evaluation of candidates’ personal qualities

44
Q

Four type of elections

A

Partisan, Non-partisan, Primary, General

45
Q

Partisan Election

A

election in which candidates may have political party affiliation

46
Q

Non-Partisan

A

election in which candidates are prohibited from having political party affiliation

47
Q

Primary Election

A

determines party nominees for a general election, winners run in general election

48
Q

General Election

A

determines who wins the seat/office, winners enter government

49
Q

Type of Primary Election

A

Open Primary- on election day, votes choose one party ballot
Closed Primary- party affiliation registered in advance of election, on election day, voters receive party ballot matching registration

50
Q

Electoral College

A

Constitutional mechanism used to select the president under Article II Section 1

538 electoral college votes, divided among the 50 states and DC, candidate needs 270 votes to be elected

each state electoral number is determined by the 2 senators and number of representatives the state has. Example (Ohio (18) 2 senators 16 representatives)

51
Q

Direct Contributions (Money and Campaigns)

A

money given directly to a candidate’s campaign fund or to a political party

limited by federal law. Federal Election Commission enforces campaign finance laws

52
Q

Independent Spending (Money and Campaigns)

A

Contributions and Spending by groups not affiliated with candidates (527, 501 (c), Spuer PACs)

53
Q

Public Funding (Money and Campaigns)

A

For presidential campaigns, requires limits on spending

54
Q

Interest Groups

A

a group of individuals who seek to influence government programs and policies

examples: National Rifle Association (NRA), National Organization for Women (NOW)

55
Q

Actual Group (Interest Group Membership)

A

comprised of group members
NRA- 6 million
NOW- 500,000

56
Q

Potential Group (Interest Group Membership)

A

comprised of people who identify with the group

57
Q

Economic Interest Groups (Interest Group Types)

A

Economic interest groups
business groups ex: Chamber of Commerce
labor groups ex: United Auto Workers
professional associations ex: American Medical Association

58
Q

Public Sector groups (Interest Groups Types)

A

Ex: National Governors Association

59
Q

Citizen Groups

A

single-issue groups ex; NRA

broad-cause groups ex: NOW

60
Q

Lobbying (Interest groups Strategies)

A

act of communicating with government officials in hopes of influencing their decision, generally preformed by professional lobbyists

61
Q

Electioneering (Interest Group Strategies)

A

interest groups involvement in the electoral process, campaign contributions, campaign workers, endorsements, independent advertising, etc., contributions made through Political Action Committees (PACs)

62
Q

Coalition Building (Interest Groups Strategies)

A

interest groups forming temporary alliances with each other

63
Q

Grassroots Mobilization

A

Interest groups motivating the public

ex: petitions, phone calls, mailings

64
Q

Litigation (Interest Groups Strategies)

A

Interest groups using courts

ex: lawsuits, amicus curiae briefs

65
Q

Unconventional tactics (Interest Groups Strategies)

A

Civil disobedience, protest, boycott, strike, illegal action, etc..

66
Q

Impact on Interest Group Success

A 
Membership (Size, dedication, unity)
Money
Leadership
Issue 
Reputation
67
Q

Bicameral Legislature (Congress)

A

House of Representative and Senate, legislative branch of government (makes policy)

68
Q

House of Representatives

A

2-year term of office (directly elected)
435 members, +6 members representing non-state territories
Representation based upon population

69
Q

Unique Characteristics of the House

A

Power to initiate revenue bills

power to investigate and impeach executive and judicial branch officeholders

70
Q

Senate

A

100 members, Equal representation for states, (2 per state )
51% of U.S. population lives in 10 states
30% of U.S. population lives in 32 states
6-year term of office
directly elected -17th Amendment (1913)
Staggered terms (2020 election-33 seats contested)

71
Q

Unique Characteristics of Senate

A

Advice and consent powers, check on presidential power ex: presidential appointments and treaty ratification
Power to hold trials of impeached officials
Filibuster-unlimited debate designed to delay or stop legislative process

72
Q

Lawmaking/Policymaking (Functions of Congress)

A

decision-making influences
ex: political parties, leadership, colleagues, political ideology, constituents, interest groups, president, courts, etc.

73
Q

Casework (Functions of Congress)

A

Providing individual service to constituents

74
Q

Represent Constituents Interests (Function of Congress)

A

working on behalf of the entire constituency

pork barrel legislation-provides money, jobs, contacts, etc. to constituency

75
Q

Legislative Oversight (Functions of Congress)

A

monitoring of the executive branch to ensure proper functioning and implementation of policy

76
Q

House of Representatives (Leadership Positions)

A

Speaker (3rd in line to the president seat)

  • Majority leader/Minority leader
  • Majority Whip/Minority Whip
77
Q

Senate Leadership (Leadership Positions)

A

-President
-President pro tempore (Longest serving senator Patrick Layhe)
-Majority leader/minority leader
-Majority Whip/Minority Whip
When there’s a tie in the senate, that’s when the president can vote
(House representative speaker and senate president leadership is the only two established by the constitution)

78
Q

Standing Committees (Committees )

A

Permanent committees responsible for most work on legislation
House and Senate have separate committees

79
Q

Select Committees (Committees)

A

Temporary committees created to conduct investigations or study specific issues
House and Senate have separate committees

80
Q

Joint Committees (Committees)

A

Permanent committees focused on broad policy areas, ex: Economic Committee, Taxation Committee
House and Senate members serve together

81
Q

Conference Committees (Committees)

A

Temporary committees formed when House and Senate pass different versions of the same bill
House and Senate members serve together

American National Government (2 decks)

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