Anesthesia Terms Flashcards
rapid and or severe onset
acute
long lasting/ re-current
chronic
chest pain; caused by blocked coronary artery
angina
What are the three types of anesthesia?
general anesthesia, monitored anesthesia care (MAC), and regional anesthesia
patient is completely “out”, or asleep (not arousable)
general anesthesia
includes induction and maintenance of anesthesia
general anesthesia
surgeon localizes (numbs) the area of incision, patient is sedated but not completely out
monitored anesthesia care
epidural, spinal, and peripheral nerve block
regional anesthesia
What are the two types of induction options?
IV induction and mask induction
iv medications induce anesthesiA
IV induction
patient breathes vapor to induce anesthesia; popular in kids b/c they cannot tolerate an IV
mask induction
What are the two ways to maintain general anesthesia?
inhaling anesthetic vapor through an airway device and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA)
most common way to maintain general anesthesia?
inhaling anesthetic vapor
constant infusion IV meds (mostly propofol) to keep the patient asleep
total intravenous anesthesia
what stage of anesthesia is awake?
stage I
what stage of anesthesia is lightly anesthetized?
stage II
what stage of anesthesia is deeply anesthetized?
stage III
what stage of anesthesia is anesthetic overdose?
stage IV
absence of breathing
apnea
greyish, white skin and a sign of poor oxygen perfusion
ashen
abnormal heart rhythm
arrhythmia
collapsed alveoli caused by hypoventilation
atelectasis
build up of fatty plaques that causes narrowing of the artery
atherosclerosis
atherosclerosis in the heart can lead to possible:
angina, ischemia, and heart attack
angina in the head is possible ____
stroke
listening like with a sthethoscope
auscultation
obese
bariatric
refers to the amount of blood flowing through the body per minute
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
strove volume
what is the equation for cardiac output?
strove volume x heart rate
a large IV catheter is inserted into a large central vein
central line
sweating
diaphoresis
away from the center of the body
distal
diuresis
urine excretion
no teeth (has dentures)
edentulous
percentage of the volume that’s pumped out of the left ventricle with each heart beat
ejection fraction
What is the percentage of normal ejection fraction?
65-75%
planned, non-emergency can wait if needed
elective surgery
moving blood clot
embolism
nose bleed
epistaxis
reddening of the skin usually in patches as result of injury or irritation
erythema
cause of disease or symptoms
etiology
to be drained of blood
exsanguinate
fever, >38 degrees celsius
febrile
what is the fraction of inspired air (FiO2) for room air>
21%
what is the fraction of inspired air for a patient with an oxygen mask?
60-90%
infusion of a drug or fluid
gtt
elevated plasma CO2 concentration
hypercarbia/ hypercapnia
elevated plasma potassium (K+) concentration
hyperkalemia
elevated plasma sodium (Na+) concentration
hypernatremia
elevated body temperature
hyperthermia
low blood volume
hypovolemia
poor oxygen delivery or oxygenation
hypoxia
a condition induced inadvertently by medical treatment or diagnostic procedures
latrogenic
injecting a drug into muscle
intramuscular
insufficient oxygen supply to an organ
ischemia
What causes ischemia?
a lack of blood flow, ( hypotension or blocked artery), insufficient ventilation, increased oxygen demand (tachycardia)
when the abdomen is insufflated with CO2 and the organs can be visualized with viewing scopes through small incisions
laparoscopic surgery
Why is Co2 used in laparoscopic surgeries?
it is less combustible than air
volume of one normal breath
tidal volume
maximal inspiratory volume
inspiratory reserve volume
maximal exhaled volume
expiratory reserve volume
maximal inhalation + maximal expiration
vital capacity
amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
residual volume
Why is a large residual volume beneficial?
it prevents the alveoli from collapsing
amount of air remaining after a normal exhalation
functional residual capacity
all of the lung volumes combined
total lung capacity
refers to volume of breathing that occurs over a one minute period
minute ventilation
what is the equation for minute ventilation?
respiratory rate x tidal volume
what is the normal respiratory rate for a patient on a ventilator?
8-10 breaths per minute
What is the normal respiratory rate for a spontaneously breathing patient?
12-16 breaths per minute
What would you see in a patient experiencing pain?
faster respiratory rate and higher minute ventilation
heart attack
myocardial infarction
nothing by mouth
NPO. nil per os;
is used to determine whether or not a patient should have an elective operation
NPO nil per os
how long should patients not have food or clear liquids prior to 2 hours before surgery?
6-8 hours
shortness of breath while lying flat
orthopnea
the outer region (away from the center) of an organ or body part
peripheral
sudden increase or return of symptoms
paroxysmal
intestinal motility
peristalsis
occurs when there is a partial or complete airway obstruction during sleep
obstructive sleep apnea
how is OSA treated?
with a continuous positive airway pressure mask
unable to regulate body temperature
poikilothermic
situated nearer to the center of the body or point of attachment
proximal
itching
pruritus
an unhealthy pale looking appearance
pallor
blood flow (oxygen delivery) to the tissues
perfusion
PONV
Post operative nausea and vomiting
head up position in the OR
reverse trendelenburg
narrowing
stenosis
temporary lack of blood flow to the brain. “mini stroke”
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
decreased effectiveness of a drug over time
tachyphylaxis
swelling
turgidity
hives
urticaria
sudden onset of hypotension and/or bradycardia
vagal response
what are the common causes of the vagal response?
stimulation of the vagus nerve, needle sticks, sight of blood
how do you treat a patient experiencing a vagal response?
dose the patient with anticholinergic drug (atropine or robinul) to increase heart rate
normal every day breathing
negative pressure ventilation
why is it called negative pressure ventilation?
when the diaphragm contracts, the intrathoracic pressure becomes negative. causes air to move from an area of higher pressure to enter the lungs “lower pressure”
this is when the diaphragm is forced open with positive pressure
positive pressure ventilation
positive pressure ventilation is referred to as _____
mechanical/ control
negative pressure ventilation is referred to as ___.
spontaneous
Name the volatile agents used in the OR.
isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane
