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Basic Principles of Anesthesia > Anesthesia Machine > Flashcards

Anesthesia Machine Flashcards

1
Q

Which breathing system has only 1 valve?

A

Nonrebreathing Systems
Bain system
No unidirectional valves and no CO2 absorber

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2
Q

What kind of system is a Bain?

A

Modified Mapleson D -In mapleson D, APL is close to bag and FGF is close to patient after tubing.
In Bain, APL is close to reservoir bag and FGF is before the tubing.
Fresh gas hose enters the single corrugated tubing and travels through inside lumen. Expiratory gases flow around the fresh gas hose inside the corrugated tubing
CO2 removal is dependent on the fresh gas flow, tidal volume, and pattern of breathing

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3
Q

Traditional circle system has 3 valves:

A

Inspiratory limb one-way valve
Expiratory limb one-way valve
Pop off valve/APL (adjustable pressure limiting valve)
Purpose of valves is to supply unidirectional flow

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4
Q

What safety relief device melts at 157-175 degress F?

A

Fusible (Melting) Plug - Style #2
Made of Wood’s Metal - BLTC (bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium,)
All or none phenomenon - plug melts and is gone

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5
Q

What is the flow of the O2 flush valve (oxygen flush button)

A

35-75 L flow
Direct connection from oxygen source (PISS/DISS)

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6
Q

What style valve is the Oxygen Flush Valve

A

Type III
Consists of a button and stem connected to pin and ball

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7
Q

What style valve open at extreme temperatures and is a spring loaded device that recloses and prevents gas escape once conditions return to normal?

A

III - Pressure Relief Valve

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8
Q

What type of gauge is used on the high-pressure side of the machine?

A

Bourdon gauge
copper piece inside that’s hollow and straightens as there is more pressure

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9
Q

PISS system protects machine from?

A

Interchangeability of cylinders on the cylinder yoke

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10
Q

Link 25 proportioning system - recognize picture of it and know what it is:

A

Prevents hypoxic mixture of O2/N2O.
Link 25 chain connects nitrous sprocket and oxygen sprocket.
Mechanically link N2O and O2 flows to prevent final inspired oxygen concentration less than 25%.
Consists of pneumatic and mechanical controls

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11
Q

Hypoxic guard system - know and recognize:

A

GE: Link 25 Proportioning
Drager: Oxygen Ratio Monitor/Controller and Sensitive Oxygen Ratio Controller
Oxygen Ratio Controller: shuts off n2o when o2 pressure is less than 10 psi
Sensitive Oxygen Ratio Controller: fail safe and proportioning system
Fail safe - when o2 flow is <200 ml, n2o shuts off
Proportioning - limits n2o concentration in the fresh gas so that o2 concentration does not fall below 21%
Can permit hypoxic mixtures when:
Pipeline crossover or wrong gas supply in cylinder
Pneumatic or mechanical components are defective
Leaks exist downstream of flow control valves

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12
Q

If theres a double hangar yoke, 1 tank is empty, the other has 2000 psi, what prevents flow from more full tank to the empty tank?

A

Floating check valve
Cylinders don’t get transfilled based on pressures
Allow change of cylinders
Minimize leaks to atmosphere if a yoke is empty

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13
Q

What type of valve is the 1st stage regulator?

A

Diaphragm style valve that serves both hangar yokes
Reduces pressure to 40-50 psig

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14
Q

Sevo and Iso utilize supplied heat?

A

False, Des does

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15
Q

Recognize traditional circle breathing system:

A

Utilizes valves to ensure unidirectional flow
Reservoir bag
Carbon dioxide absorption - allows rebreathing of exhaled gas

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16
Q

Giveaway for inspiratory side of the system:

A

Fresh gas hose

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17
Q

Recognize expiratory side of breathing system

A

Reservoir bag is an expiratory reserve bag, it holds an expiratory reserve volume
From patient through expiratory breathing tube
Through expiratory one way valve
APL valve
Absorbent canister

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18
Q

Flow meters

A

Thorpe tube design is the traditional design for flowmeter tubes
Variable orifice: Wider at top and narrow at bottom
Distance between the bobbin/float and side of the tube is the annular opening
The higher the ball in the tube (the higher the flow) the more turbulent the flow

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19
Q

What’s required for soda lime reaction:

A

Water + CO2
Results in: CaCO3, Na2CO3, H2O
Classic soda lime is made up of Ca(OH)2, H2O, NaOH, and KOH

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20
Q

Ascending bellows:

A

Are preferred
Will collapse to the bottom in the event of a disconnect, does not keep cycling
Attached to the BASE of the assembly
Compress downward during inspiration
Expand upward during expiration

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21
Q

Descending bellows

A

Attached at the top of the system
Compress upward during inspiration
Expland down during expiration
Will drop even if there is a disconnect because of the weight

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22
Q

Why does the CO2 absorber get warm?

A

The CO2 + H2O reaction is Exothermic - creates heat
Releases 13,700 kcal for every 22.2 liters (1 mole) of CO2 absorbed
Temperatures within the sodalime can reach 45-50 degrees C

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23
Q

Know allowed parts per million for gases and nitrous in OR, dentist office, etc.

A

Halogenated agent alone: 2 ppm (in an 8-hour time-weighted sample)
N2O alone: 25 ppm in 8 hours
Halogenated agent + N2O = 0.5 ppm (in 8 hours)
Dental facilities N2O alone = 50

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24
Q

What is the indicator dye that is added to the absorbent to signify absorbent exhaustion?

A

Ethyl Violet

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25
Q

Most complex portion of the scavenging system:

A

Interface - Provides positive pressure or negative pressure relief and may provide reservoir capacity
Everything else is just tubes and hoses

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26
Q

All Active scavenging interfaces have:

A

Suction
Active = Suction

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27
Q

All passive interfaces have:

A

no suction

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28
Q

True or False: All open systems have to be passive.

A

FALSE - they are all active
Open must have suction

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29
Q

True or False: All closed systems have to be active

A

FALSE - they can be active or passive

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30
Q

Active Scavenging =

A

Suction. Closed with bag is also active system.

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31
Q

What makes a steel cylinder vs an aluminum cylinder?

A

Aluminum has AL or ALMon them

32
Q

Where do you read the flowmeter float/bobbin?

A

Ball: Dead center
Everything else is read at the top - non-rotating, plumb bob, skirted, H-type

33
Q

O2 flow meters are located at the far RIGHT of anesthesia machine, why?

A

In case of a crack - will take path of least resistance
Closest to the common gas outlet/patient

34
Q

What are the wall pressures coming out of DISS?

A

50 psi

35
Q

What is the pressure after the 1 stage regulator?

A

45 psi

36
Q

Which feature of the machine allows one of the safety features to work and knocks pressure down from 45 to 16 psi

A

Second stage regulator - In a GE machine

37
Q

What protects the anesthesia machine from accepting the wrong pipeline gas?

A

Diameter Index Safety System (DISS)
Prevents interchangeability of hoses

38
Q

GE pressure sensor shut off:

A

Shuts off gases (nitrous) in the presence of insufficient oxygen pressure
Makes sure that o2 is the last gas to go to the patients
If o2 is low (<20 psi), Nitrous and Air shut off
When O2 pressure is >20 psi, the valve gets pushed open and other gases can flow

39
Q

Know 3 pin index safety systems

A

(There are 10 possible combinations of the 6, now 7, positions of pins and holes)
O2 - 2,5
Nitrous - 3,5
Air - 1,5

40
Q

How do I make oxygen and nitrous oxide

A

O2 is manufactured via Fractional distillation of liquified air - MOST COMMON
N2O is commercially manufactured by the thermal decompensation of ammonium nitrate

41
Q

Who regulates purity?

A

Pharmacopia of the United States (USP) specifies
Enforced by the FDA (us food and drug administration)

42
Q

Calculate how much time you have left in a tank

A

Full tank of O2 has 660 liters and 2000 psi
It is all pressurized gas
Tank displays 1000 psi, you’re running at 6L/min, how many minutes of o2 remain?
1000 psi = 330 L&raquo_space; 330/6 = 55 minutes left in tank

43
Q

How much liquid anestetic does a vaporizer use per hour?

A

Formula:
3 x fresh gas flow L/min x vol% = mL liquid used per hour
2L O2 + 2L N2O + Sevo control dial = 2%
3(constant) x 4(total liter flow per min) x 2(sevo concentration) = 24 ml

44
Q

Which gas is liquid form in the tank?

A

Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide

45
Q

How do I know how much gas is left in a tank?

A

Tank gauge

46
Q

How do I check how much nitrous is left in the tank?

A

Weigh it
1600 L = 745 psig - pressure remains constant if the temp remains constant until all the liquid has evaporated
Full tank weighs 8.8 kg

47
Q

How is N2O commercially manufactured?

A

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate

48
Q

What size are the soda lime granules?

A

4-8 mesh

49
Q

What’s in the high pressure side of anesthesia machine? - know the picture and whats on each side

A

Consists of those parts which receive gas at cylinder pressure
Hangar yoke
Yoke block
Retaining screw
Pin Index Safety System
Check valve assembly
Cylinder pressure gauge - Reflects cylinder pressure aka psi in tank
Cylinder pressure regulator
First stage regulator

50
Q

What’s in the low pressure side of the machine? - what is found on each side?

A

Flowmeter tubes
Vaporizers
Check valves
Common gas outlet
Distal to flowmeter needle valves to common gas outlet

51
Q

Where do most leaks occur?

A

Low pressure side of the machine

52
Q

In the event machine is running with 5L o2 all weekend

A

change co absorber - because of desiccation
Desiccation means the granules are dried out

53
Q

Pick out ascending vs descending bellow:

A

Ascending is attached to bottom and expands upward during exhalation
Descending is attached at the top and expands downward during exhalation

54
Q

What is the hospital pipeline made out of?

A

Wrought copper - seamless or standard weight copper

55
Q

How often do you check/test cylinders?

A

Every 5 years
Every 10 years with special permission

56
Q

1 stage regulator utilizes:

A

Diaphragm (NOT floating check valve)

57
Q

What happens if the inside of the tubing is retracted?

A

Anything from site of disconnection or site of break down (there to patient) is going to be dead space

58
Q

3 features of desflurane vaporizer

A

2 separate systems (liquid and vapor side)
electrically heated
Pressurized
central processing unit in it (computer chip)
dual circuit design
Diaphragm
Ga/vapor blender - head produces vapor which is injected into fresh gas flow

59
Q

What is des liquid heated to?

A

39 degrees

60
Q

If you turn retaining screw on side of hangar yoke and you hear hissing, what is the likely cause?

A

Smashed gasket washer. They are only meant for 1 time use. An old crushed washer can cause friction from a small leak and increase risk for fire

61
Q

Colors in US for 3 gases and what do they change it to internationally

A

USA:
O2 = Green
N2O = Light Blue
Air = Yellow
ISO (WHO)
O2 = White
N2O = Light Blue
Air = Black and White

62
Q

Passive scavenging systems are:

A

No suction

63
Q

What size are tanks on the side of machine?

A

E cylinder (M24) - usually steel unless for MRI

64
Q

Vaporizer Style #1:

A

Nondesflurane
Variable bypass - a stream of gas passes over the surface of a volatile liquid and sweeps away vapor. Vaporizer determines carrier gas split.
Flow over wick
Temperature compensated - automatic

65
Q

Splitting ratio:

A

1st intersection of carrier gas

66
Q

Flow Over Wick Design:

A

Increases surface area
Allows more molecules to be up higher in the vaporizing chamber
Spreads out molecules more evenly in the chamber

67
Q

Bimetallic strip

A

Adjusts to temperature
Application of heat causes the equilibrium to shift so that more molecules enter the vapor phase. Lowering the temperature causes a shift toward liquid phase and a decrease in vapor pressure
Strip allows more or less gas flow in depending on the temperature
Dictates how much gas goes down inside the vaporizing chamber
When colder, strip moves to the ?
When hotter, strip moves to the ?

68
Q

What would happen with a higher mesh size granule?

A

The higher the mesh number = the smaller the absorbent particle
Higher mesh size will have less air space between particles and result in greater resistance

69
Q

What holds the cylinder to work station?

A

Hangar yoke

70
Q

Who is responsible for marking, labeling, filling, qualification, transport, maintenance, and disposition of cylinders containing compressed gas? Who is responsible for investigating when cylinders fall off a truck?

A

Dept of Transportation (DOT or motor safety division of DOT)

71
Q

Walk through CO2 reaction - what goes in and comes out?

A

The end products are Sodium Carbonate, Calcium Carbonate, and water
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
H2CO3 is a weak acid and dissociates into its ion
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) are dissociated into their ions
Sodium and calcium ions combine with carbonate ions, forming end products sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate and water
CaCO3, Na2CO3, H2O

72
Q

Check valve on high pressure side is

A

Floating check valve

73
Q

Intermediate Pressure Side

A

Pipeline inlets
Check valves
Pressure gauges
Ventilator power inlet
Oxygen pressure failure device
Oxygen second stage regulator if present
Flush valve

74
Q

What type of flowmeter is the most accurate

A

Electronic, 5-10 times more accurate than glass

75
Q

True or False: All anesthesia machines have a common gas outlet

A

False

76
Q

Sodalime moisture content

A

Between 10% and 22%

77
Q
A

Basic Principles of Anesthesia (3 decks)

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