Anesthesia Flashcards
Premedication
Pharmacological intervention prior to induction of general anesthesia (see later)
Sedation
Calming (sedativum, e.g. phenothiazines)
Anxiolysis
Reduction of fear (anxyolyticum, e.g. benzodiazepines)
Analgesia
Pain relief (analgeticum, e.g. opioids, NSAIDs)
Hypnosis
Pharmacologically induced ‘sleep’ (hypnotikum, e.g. propofol)
Catalepsy
– Myoclonic jerking of the extremities
– Palpebral, corneal, pharyngeal, laryngeal reflexes
are retained
(e.g. ketamine)
Neuroleptanalgesia (NLA)
– Superficial ‘sleeping’ and analgesia
– Phenothiazine (or butyrophenone) and opioid
combination
Ataranalgesia
– Superficial ‘sleeping’ and analgesia
– Benzodiazepine and opioid combination
Anesthesia
– Local, regional, general anesthesia
– Absence of sensation in a certain body region or the
entire body
General Anesthesia
– Hypnosis + analgesia + muscle relaxation
(alternatively: a reversible state of unconsciousness
and insensitivity, which features analgesia, muscle relaxation, and hyporeflexia)
Balanced anesthesia
– Achievable with combination of drugs; the following
states may be ‘steered’ with variations in their doses:
consciousness altered via anesthetics;
pain controlled via analgesics;
muscle relaxation modified using muscle relaxants
Dissociative anesthesia
– Catalepsy, peripheral analgesia, alteration in
consciousness
– Dissociation: thalamus, limbic system, cortex
To consider in different breeds:
- Greyhounds
- Dobermann
- Staffordshire terrier, greyhounds, Haflinger horse
- Boxers
- Brachycephalic breeds
- Large breeds and individuals
- ‘Warm blood’ types and individuals
- Greyhounds
- Thiopental? (relative overdose, delayed awakening)
- Recumbency (decubitus, nerv damage) - Dobermann
- DCMP, blood clotting disorder - Staffordshire terrier, greyhounds, Haflinger horse
- Alfa2-agonists? - Boxers
- Phenothiazines? (hypotension) - Brachycephalic breeds
- Preoxygenation, short induction, fast intubation, late extubation (suffocation) - Large breeds and individuals
- Sensitive to hypoxia - ‘Warm blood’ types and individuals
- Decreased effect of sedatives
- Higher metabolic rate
To consider in different sex: Female
Female: Pregnant?
Age
- Newborn and young patients
- Elderly patients
- Newborn and young patients:
- Metabolism and excretion undeveloped
- Hypoglycaemia
- Hypoxia
- Hypothermia
- Sensitive fluid homeostasis - Elderly patients
- Lengthened circulation time (delayed anesthetic effect)
- Water content of cells decreased, fat content increased
- Lower compensation capacity (stress, load, hypoxia)
