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Hema 1 > Anemia Part 1 > Flashcards

Anemia Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What factors are decreased in anemia?

A

Hb
Hct
RBC

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2
Q

Where does the word “Anemia” comes from and what is its meaning?

A

Anaimia
Ana - lack
Haima - blood
= lack of blood

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3
Q

3 Definitions of Anemia

A

Functional: decrease in oxygen carrying capacity (low RBCs)

Operational: reduction from baseline value (low RBC components circulating for a particular patient)

Conventional: decrease in RBCs, Hb, and Hct below the previously established reference value (lower than reference value)

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4
Q

4 Clinical Findings of Anemia

A
  1. History
  2. Physical examination
  3. Signs and symptoms
  4. Laboratory procedures

(1-3 covered by physicians, 4 for medtechs)

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5
Q

Common signs and symptoms of anemia

A

shortness of breath
fatigue
weakness

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6
Q

Examples of laboratory procedures of anemia

A

CBC
iron studies (backbone)
Hb electrophoresis

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7
Q

3 General Causes of Anemia

A
  1. Decreased RBC Production
  2. Increased RBC Destruction
  3. Blood loss
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8
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
most common and easiest to treat

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

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9
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
blockage in heme synthesis

A

Sideroblastic Anemia

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10
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

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11
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
problem in bone marrow

A

Aplastic Anemia

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12
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
Pancytopenia - decreased production of WBC, RBC, and platelets

A

Aplastic Anemia

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13
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
absence of either alpha or beta chains or both

A

Thalassemia

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14
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
Cushing Syndrome, Addison’s Disease

A

Anemia due to Endocrine Disorder

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15
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
Myelophthisic Anemia

A

Anemia due to Marrow Infiltration

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16
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Intracorpuscular Abnormality

A
  1. Membrane Defect
  2. Enzyme Deficiency
  3. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
  4. Globin Abnormality
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17
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Enzyme deficiencies

A
  • G6PD deficiency
  • Pyruvate kinase deficiency
  • Porphyria
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18
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Globin abnormalities

A
  • Hemoglobinopathies (Hb SS, CC, SC)
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19
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Extracorpuscular Abnormalities

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Infection
  3. Chemical and Physical Agents
  4. Antibody-mediated Anemia
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20
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Mechanical

A

a.) Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia / MAHA
1. thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
2. hemolytic uremic syndrome / HUS
3. disseminated intravascular coagulation / DIC
4. hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes & low platelet count / HELLP

b.) Traumatic cardiac hemolytic anemia

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21
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Infection

A

a.) Hemolytic anemia
- Malaria
- Babesia
- Bartonella
- Ehrlichia

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22
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Antibody-mediated Anemia

A

Acquired hemolytic anemia

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23
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
increased in Plasmodia means higher possibility of RBC lysis that leads to anemia

A

Malaria

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24
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
caused by drugs, toxins, and burns

A

Chemical and Physical Agents

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25
Q

Anemia due to Blood Loss

A
  1. Acute post hemorrhagic anemia
  2. Chronic post hemorrhagic anemia
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26
Q

Laboratory Test for Anemia Assessment:
checks electrophoretic activity of bone marrow

A

Reticulocyte count

27
Q

Laboratory Test for Anemia Assessment:
checks morphology of cells

A

Peripheral smear

28
Q

Laboratory Test for Anemia Assessment:
the backbone lab test

A

Iron studies (serum iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity)

29
Q

Laboratory Test for Anemia Assessment:
Blood chemistry tests

A

Kidney function test
Liver function test

30
Q

Laboratory Test for Anemia Assessment:
Hematological special test procedure

A

Hb electrophoresis

31
Q

Morphological Classification of Anemia

A
  1. Microcytic hypochromic anemia
  2. Macrocytic normochromic anemia
  3. Normocytic normochromic anemia
32
Q

Morphologic Classification of Anemia:
SIGA

A

Microcytic hypochromic

33
Q

Morphologic Classification of Anemia:
decrease of all erythrocyte indices

A

Microcytic hypochromic

34
Q

Morphologic Classification of Anemia:
found in thalassemia and severe iron deficiency anemia

A

Microcytic hypochromic

35
Q

Microcytic hypochromic anemia:
causes of iron deficiency anemia

A

a.) inadequate intake of iron
b.) increased need of iron
1. infancy, childhood, adolescence
2. pregnancy
c.) chronic blood loss

36
Q

Microcytic hypochromic anemia:
causes of chronic blood loss in iron deficiency anemia

A
  1. Heavy menstrual bleeding
  2. GI bleeding from ulcers or tumors
  3. Urinary tract with kidney stones
  4. Iatrogenic cause
37
Q

3 stages of Iron Deficiency

A

Stage I: Iron Depletion
Stage II: Exhaustion of the storage pool of iron
Stage III: Frank Anemia

38
Q

3 stages of Iron Deficiency:
Hb, Serum Iron, TIBC = Normal
Ferritin = Low

A

Iron Depletion

39
Q

3 stages of Iron Deficiency:
Hb and RBC development = Normal
TIBC = Increased
Serum Iron and Ferritin = Decreased

A

Exhaustion of storage pool of iron

40
Q

3 stages of Iron Deficiency:
TIBC = Increased
Hb, Serum Iron, Ferritin = Decreased

A

Frank Anemia

41
Q

measures circulating iron that is bound to transferring

A

Serum iron

42
Q

measure the capacity of iron to bind transferrin

A

TIBC

43
Q

protein that are used for storage of iron

A

Ferritin

44
Q

Blood Features of IDA

A

• low to normal retic
• low serum iron
• low serum ferritin
• high TIBC
• microcytic hypochromic
• anisocytosis / poikilocytosis
• decrease in OFT

45
Q

Screening Lab Diagnosis for Anemia

A

CBC
RBC indices

46
Q

Diagnostic Lab Diagnosis for Anemia

A

Backbones of anemia
Iron studies

47
Q

Specialize Lab Diagnosis for Anemia

A

Hb electrophoresis
Ferrous sulfate and vitamin C for treatment

48
Q

2 main indications of severe type of IDA

A

painless, smooth, shiny, and reddened tongue
Koilonychia

49
Q

Severe type of IDA:
spoon-shaped nails

A

Koilonychia

50
Q

Severe type of IDA:
craving of non edible food (dirt, clay, chalk)

A

PICA

51
Q

Severe type of IDA:
mahilig ngumatngat ng yelo

A

Pagophagia

52
Q

Severe type of IDA:
fingernails are thin, brittle, and concave with raised edges

A

Koilonychia

53
Q

Morphology seen in IDA blood films

A
  • microcytic hypochromasia
  • pencil cells, target cells, teardrops, and rare fragments

Note: early iron deficiency may be normocytic with no significant morphologic changes

54
Q

This type of anemia develop when the incorporation of iron into heme is blocked

A

Sideroblastic Anemia

55
Q

2 types of Sideroblastic Anemia

A

Hereditary Sideroblastic Anemia
Primary Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia

56
Q

Sideroblastic Anemia:
due to a congenital enzyme defect delta
amino-levulinic acid synthetase or heme
synthetase

A

Hereditary Sideroblastic Anemia

57
Q

Sideroblastic Anemia:
due to somatic mutation of the erythroid
progenitor cells that cause either defects in
heme synthesis or defects in DNA synthesis

A

Primary Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia

58
Q

Primary Sideroblastic Anemia is ________

A

genetic

59
Q

Secondary Sideroblastic Anemia is caused by:

A

• Certain therapeutic drugs
• Chronic transfusion (Aplastic)
• Alcoholism and food fads
• Use of iron utensils & iron in water

60
Q

Diagnostic lab findings of peripheral blood film of Sideroblastic Anemia

A
  • normocytic cells
  • thin rim cytoplasm in RBC
  • occasional teardrop cells
  • Pappenheimer bodies and basophilic stippling
61
Q
  1. ______ interferes with iron storage in the mitochondria and damages the activity of
    enzymes used for heme synthesis (basophilic stippling). This leads to 2. ________ which is sometimes caused by drugs/heavy metals
A
  1. Lead
  2. Lead Poisoning
62
Q

Diagnostic lab findings of bone marrow aspirate of Sideroblastic Anemia

A
  • ringed sideroblasts
  • normoblasts >/= 10 iron containing granules in cytoplasm encircling 1/3 of nucleus
  • violet, blue, or black dot = excess iron
63
Q

Stain used in Sideroblastic Anemia

A

Pearl’s Prussian Blue

Hema 1 (1 decks)

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