Anemia

Question 1

Anemia

Answer 1

is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in them) is low.

Question 2

Anemia from excessive bleeding

Answer 2

results when loss of red blood cells through bleeding exceeds production of new red blood cells.

Question 3

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Answer 3

results from low or depleted stores of iron, which is needed to produce red blood cells.

Question 4

Vitamin Deficiency Anemia

Answer 4

results from low or depleted levels of vitamin B12 or folate (folic acid).

Question 5

Anemia of Chronic Disease

Answer 5

some chronic disorder slows the production of red blood cells, the result of production of proteins called cytokines that interfere with the production of red blood cells.

Question 6

Aplastic anemia

Answer 6

Is a bone marrow failure/shut down ; resultant from bone marrow cells that develop into blood cells (all types) and platelets are damaged or suppressed. Leads to low RBC (anemia), WBC (leukopenia) and platelets (thrombocytopenia). Common cause of disease is an autoimmune disorder, the immune system suppresses the bone marrow stem cells.

Question 7

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (2 types)

Answer 7

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a group of disorders characterized by a malfunction of the immune system that produces autoantibodies, which attack red blood cells as if they were substances foreign to the body.

Question 8

i. Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 8

autoantibodies attach to and destroy red blood cells at temperatures equal to or in excess of normal body temperature.

Question 9

ii. Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 9

autoantibodies become most active and attack red blood cells only at temperatures well below normal body temperature.

Question 10

Sickle Cell Disease

Answer 10

is an inherited condition characterized by sickle (crescent)-shaped red blood cells and chronic anemia caused by excessive destruction of red blood cells.

Question 11

Hemoglobin C, S-C, and E diseases

Answer 11

are inherited conditions characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells and chronic anemia that is caused by excessive destruction of red blood cells.Hemoglobin C, S, and E are abnormal forms of hemoglobin. It is a 3 distinct disease ( hgb C disease,hgb S-C disease, and Hgb E disease)

Question 12

Thalassemias (2 types)

Answer 12

a group of inherited disorders resulting from an imbalance in the production of one of the four chains of amino acids that make up hemoglobin.Hemoglobin is made up of two pairs of globin chains. Normally, adults have one pair of alpha chains and one pair of beta chains.Thalassemias are categorized according to the amino acid chain affected. The two main types are alpha-thalassemia (the alpha globin chain is affected) and beta-thalassemia (the beta globin chain is affected).

Question 13

Spleenomegaly (causes of anemia)

Answer 13

An enlarged spleen traps and destroys too many red blood cells.

Question 14

Mechanical damage to red blood cells (causes of anemia)

Answer 14

Abnormalities in blood vessels (such as an aneurysm), an artificial or damaged heart valve, or extremely high blood pressure can break normal red blood cells apart.

Question 15

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (Causes of anemia)

Answer 15

The immune system destroys red blood cells.Hemoglobin from these damaged cells is concentrated in urine during the night, resulting in dark, reddish urine in the morning.

Question 16

Hereditary spherocytosis (Causes of anemia)

Answer 16

Red blood cells become misshapen and rigid, getting trapped and destroyed in the spleen.

Question 17

Hereditary elliptocytosis (Causes of Anemia)

Answer 17

Red blood cells are oval or elliptical in shape rather than the normal disk shape.

Question 18

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (Causes of anemia)

Answer 18

The G6PD enzyme is missing from red blood cell membranes.Without this enzyme, red blood cells are more likely to break apart when the person is stressed by triggers such as fever, infection, diabetic crisis, or certain drugs such as aspirin and sulfa drugs.