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RUSVM LAM I > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are three variable components that RBC mass depends on?

A

Splenocontraction
Breed/Age
Exercise level

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2
Q

What % of RBC mass is in the spleen?

A

30%

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3
Q

Splenocontraction can increase the PCV up to what %?

A

50%

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4
Q

T/F: Hot blooded horses have a higher PCV than cold-blooded horses

A

TRUE
Hot-blooded=thoroughbreds
Cold-blooded=draft horses

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5
Q

How many blood groups are in the horse?

A

8 blood groups

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6
Q

T/F: There is NO true universal donor in the equine species

A

TRUE

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7
Q

What are the dependent factors of CS development in an anemic horse?

A

Rate and severity of RBC decrease

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8
Q

What are general CS of acute anemia?

A

Poor performance, tachycardia, tachypnea, pale MM, lethargy, systolic murmur

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9
Q

T/F: regeneration can be assessed on a peripheral blood smear of the horse?

A

FALSE

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10
Q

What is a normal characteristic of blood cells on a smear that can be mistaken for agglutination?

A

Rouleaux formation

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11
Q

What is free hemoglobin associated with?

A

Intravascular hemolysis

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12
Q

What are the three pathophysioogic mechanisms of anemia?

A

Inadequate erythrocyte production
Increased erythrocyte destruction
Blood loss

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13
Q

What are the three causes of depression anemia?

A

Deficiencies in vitamin and minerals essential for RBC production
Chronic/systemic disease interfering with normal erythropoiesis
Damaged bone marrow or bone marrow components

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14
Q

What is TRUE iron deficiency defined by in the horse?

A

microcytic hypochromic anemia-only seen in late stages

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15
Q

Fe deficient anemia in the horse is most commonly associated with what?

A

Chronic blood loss from parasites, GI lesions or hemostatic defects

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16
Q

What is another name for functional iron deficiency?

A

Anemia of inflammatory disease

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17
Q

T/F: Horses with anemia of inflammatory disease commonly have a PCV under 18%

A

FALSE-doesn’t typically drop under 18%

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of anemia in the horse?

A

Inflammatory disease

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19
Q

What is the carrier protein responsible for iron transport and distribution in the body

A

Transferrin

20
Q

What is the only safe parenteral preparation of iron for the horse?

A

Iron cacodylate

21
Q

T/F: Iron supplementation is indicated for anemia of inflammatory disease

A

FALSE-anemia is of little to no concern

22
Q

What are two causes of increased red cell destruction?

A

Oxidative damage or immune mediated mechanisms

23
Q

How does oxidative damage affect the blood?

A

Changes iron form ferrous form to ferric form leading to formation of methemoglobin which cannot carry O2.

24
Q

What are CS of methemoglobin?

A

Brown discoloration to MM, blood and urine

25
Q

What are some infectious diseases that cause increased RBC destruction?

A

EIA, piroplasmosis

26
Q

What are some toxic agents that cause increased RBC destruction?

A

Red maple leaves, onions, monensin and phenothiazines

27
Q

What are some immune causes of increased RBC destruction?

A

Neonatal isoerythrolysis, IMHA and incompatible blood transfusions

28
Q

What is the only intraerythrocytic parasitic disease that affects horses?

A

Piroplasmosis-equine babesiosis

29
Q

What is the vector for babesiosis?

A

Tick vectors- Dermatocentor nitens

30
Q

What are the CS of babesiosis?

A

Fever, hemolytic anemia, icterus, death

31
Q

What are four differentials of babesiosis?

A

Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis, equine infectious anemia, hemolytic anemia, liver failure

32
Q

How long post babesiosis infection does it take for antibodies to be detected?

A

14 days

33
Q

What is a reportable disease in horses that is also known as swamp fever?

A

Equine infectious anemia

34
Q

What is the causative agent of EIA?

A

Lentivirus of retrovirus family

35
Q

What cell does EIA target?

A

Macrophages-integrate into the host genome

36
Q

How is EIA transmitted?

A 
Interrupted feeding by hematophageous arthropods required
Biting insects (tabanids-deer and stable flies) or mosquitoes
37
Q

What is the mechanism of anemia from EIA?

A

Immune mediated hemolysis
Decreased intravascular erythrocyte survival time
Decreased bone marrow erythrocyte production

38
Q

What does acute EIA cause?

A

Extravascular hemolytic anemia

39
Q

What are CS associated with acute EIA?

A

thrombocytopenia, fever, depression, petechial hemorrhage

No anemia typicaly seen

40
Q

What are CS associated with subacute/chronic EIA?

A

Recurrent episodes of fever, depression, anemia and icterus, lymphadenopathy, weight loss

41
Q

What are the two dx tests used for EIA?

A

Coggins test

ELISA

42
Q

Which EIA dx test is more sensitive and specific?

A

ELISA

43
Q

What is the internationally accepted dx test for EIA?

A

Coggins test- gold standard test

44
Q

Why can the Coggins test give false negatives for EIA dx?

A

Takes about 45 days to produce detectable levels of Ab

45
Q

What are general recommendations when a horse tests positive for EIA?

A

Recommended to isolate for life or euthanize

46
Q

Why must 200 yards be kept between a EIA horse and a non-infected horse?

A

The double fencing pasture method is important because the flies will only fly around 200 meters before turning back around to re-feed on the previous horse

RUSVM LAM I (9 decks)

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