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MNT I Exam 5 > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin; it is the oxygen-carrying pigment of the erythrocytes.

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2
Q

Hematocrit

A

The volume percentage of erythrocytes in the blood.

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3
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of whole blood containing coagulation factors.

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4
Q

Serum

A

Liquid portion of whole blood without coagulation factors.

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5
Q

Anemia

A

Deficiency in the size or number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin they contain which limits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the tissue cells.

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6
Q

Macrocytic Anemia

A

Presents with larger-than-normal RBCs, plus increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

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7
Q

Microcytic Anemia

A

Characterized by smaller-than-normal RBCs and less circulating hemoglobin, as in iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia.

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8
Q

Transferrin Saturation

A

The measure of the amount of iron bound to transferrin and is a gauge of iron supply to the tissues. Serum iron/TIBC x 100

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9
Q

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

Characterized by the production of microcytic RBCs and a diminished level of circulating hemoglobin. Last stage of iron deficiency and represents the end point of a long period of iron deprivation.

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10
Q

Pagophagia

A

Ice eating

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11
Q

Koilonychia

A

Spoon-shaped nails. Side effect of a severe iron deficiency.

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12
Q

Ferritin

A

Most sensitive when testing for iron deficiency.

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13
Q

Transferrin

A

A transport protein that binds iron derived from the GI tract, iron storage sites, or hemoglobin breakdown– to the bone marrow (hemoglobin synthesis), endothelial cells (storage), or placenta (fetal needs). They are generated on the surface of RBCs in response to the need for iron.

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14
Q

Reticulocytosis

A

An increase in the number of young RBCs. Seen within 2 to 3 days after iron administration, but affected person may report subjective improvements in mood and appetite sooner.

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15
Q

Heme Iron

A

Organic form of iron found in meat, fish, and poultry, and is known as the meat-fish-poultry (MFP) factor. ~15% is absorbable and it is much better absorbed than nonheme iron.

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16
Q

Nonheme Iron

A

Found in eggs, grains, vegetables, and fruits, but it is not part of the heme molecule. ~3-8% absorbable.

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17
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Normochromic-normocytic anemia accompanied by a deficiency of all the formed elements in the blood; it can be caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, ionizing radiation, and medications.

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18
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Most common form of iron overload that causes progressive hepatic, pancreatic, cardiac, and other organ damage. People with this condition absorb three times more iron from their food than those without.

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19
Q

Hepcidin

A

A peptide synthesized in the liver that functions as the principal regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. It regulates iron transport from iron-exporting tissues into plasma.

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20
Q

Ferroprotein

A

The sole iron exporter in iron-transporting cells.

21
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia

A

Characterized by the presence of large, immature, abnormal, RBC progenitors in the bone marrow; 95% of cases are attributable to folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency. Reflects a disturbed synthesis of DNA, which results in morphologic and functional changes in erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow.

22
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

A megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12, most commonly from a lack of IF. May take 5-6 years to appear.

23
Q

Sideroblastic Anemia

A

Characterized by a derangement in the final pathway of heme synthesis, leading to a buildup of iron-containing immature RBCs.

24
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

Occurs when defects in RBC membranes lead to oxidative damage and eventually to cell lysis. Caused by shortened survival of mature RBCs.

25
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

A chronic hemolytic anemia that results in defective hemoglobin synthesis, which produces sickle-shaped RBCs that get caught in capillaries and do not carry oxygen well.

26
Q

Thalassemias

A

Severe inherited anemias characterized by microcytic, hypochromic, and short-lived RBCs resulting from defective hemoglobin synthesis, which affects mostly persons in the Mediterranean region.

27
Q

Hypochromic

A

Pale color from deficiency of hemoglobin.

28
Q

Normochromic

A

Normal color.

29
Q

Macrocytic

A

Larger than normal.

30
Q

Normocytic

A

Normal size.

31
Q

Microcytic

A

Smaller than normal.

32
Q

Total Iron-Binding Capacity

A

The capacity of transferrin to take on or become saturated with iron. Increases in iron deficiency. As stored iron falls, saturation of transferrin decreases.

33
Q

Stage 1 of Iron Deficiency

A

Moderate depletion of iron stores; no dysfunction.

34
Q

Stage 2 of Iron Deficiency

A

Severe depletion of iron stores; no dysfunction.

35
Q

Stage 3 of Iron Deficiency

A

Iron deficiency.

36
Q

Stage 4 of Iron Deficiency

A

Iron deficiency with dysfunction and anemia.

37
Q

Stage 1 of Folate Depletion

A

Early negative folate balance (serum depletion).

38
Q

Stage 2 of Folate Depletion

A

Negative folate balance (cell depletion).

39
Q

Stage 3 of Folate Deficiency

A

Damaged folate metabolism with folate-deficient erythropoiesis.

40
Q

Stage 4 of Folate Deficiency

A

Clinical folate deficiency anemia.

41
Q

Intrinsic Factor (IF)

A

Glycoprotein in the gastric juice that is necessary for the absorption of dietary vitamin B12. It is necessary for the absorption of exogenous vitamin B12.

42
Q

Parethesia

A

Numbness and tingling especially in the hands and feet.

43
Q

Stage 1 of Vit B12 Depletion

A

Early negative vitamin B12 balance.

44
Q

Stage 2 of Vit B12 Depletion

A

Vitamin B12 depletion.

45
Q

Stage 3 of Vit B12 Deficiency

A

Damaged metabolism. Vitamin B12 deficient erythropoiesis, decreased TIBC, and impaired short term and recent memory.

46
Q

Stage 4 of Vit B12 Deficiency

A

Clinical damage including vitamin B12 anemia (pernicious anemia) and psychiatric changes.

47
Q

Copper-Deficiency Anemia

A

Copper is essential for the proper formation of hemoglobin and the mobilization of iron from storage sites. In copper deficient state, iron cannot be released resulting in low serum iron and hemoglobin levels even when iron stores are normal.

48
Q

Hypochromic Microcytic Transient Anemia (Sports Anemia)

A

Increased RBC destruction, along with decreased hemoglobin, serum iron and ferritin concentrations. The RBCs in the capillaries are compressed until they burst, releasing hemoglobin. Transient problem of blood volume and dilution.

49
Q

Anemia of Chronic Disease

A

Occurs from inflammation, infection, or malignancy because there is decreased RBC production, possibly as a result of disordered iron metabolism.

MNT I Exam 5 (4 decks)

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